9.6 Life Span Changes and Muscular Disorders Sponge: Set up Cornell Notes on p. 81 Topic: 9.6 Life Span changes and Muscular Disorders Essential Question: None. Text: 336-7 + Green boxes in chapter 9.6 Life Span Changes and Muscular Disorders 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules PAGE 81 IS NOT A MISTAKE *

Life-Span Changes Signs of aging of the muscular system begin to appear in the 40s, although a person can still be very active Molecules that enable muscle function decline Muscle fibers may shrink Muscle layers in veins thicken making vessels more rigid and less elastic Muscles become smaller, drier, less elastic *

Life-Span Changes By age 80, nearly half muscle mass has atrophied (wasted away) due to decline in neuron activity Slows reflexes Diminishes strength *

Life-Span Changes Exercise can help maintain a healthy muscular system Maintains flexibility of blood vessels Should include strength training and aerobics *

Tendinitis Tendinitis: is when the tendon becomes painfully inflamed and swollen Symptoms- pain in tendon Causes- Injury or repeated stress of athletic activity Treatments- pain relievers, physical therapy, possible surgery Most commonly found in the joint of the shoulder, elbow, hip, knees, wrist, hand, thigh and foot

The Basic Science of Tendons & Tendinitis 3m34s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hdes6W76OOw

Compartment Syndrome A compartments is the space that contains a particular group of muscles, blood vessels and nerves all tightly enclosed by fascia. Compartment Syndrome: fluid, such as blood, accumulates within the compartment increasing the pressure and interfering with blood flow Symptoms- Severe, unrelenting pain Causes- Injury Treatments- may require immediate surgery by incision to relieve the pressure and restore circulation

Compartment Syndrome: Jeff’s Story 2m34s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJVZQfoVzns

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness Symptoms- muscle weakness trouble walking, frequent falling, learning difficulties and eventually heart and lung issues Causes- Genetic inherited recessive disorder Mutated X chromosome that causes an absence of a muscle protein called dystrophin Treatments- No cure. Treatment aims to control symptoms and improve quality of life. Mostly medicine.

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 5m30s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWL2oGDeiKA

Poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis aka Polio: Infection that attacks nerve cells that stimulate skeletal muscles to contract Symptoms- Fever, headache, nausea, stiffened back/neck, drowsiness, and possible paralysis Causes- Virus (poliomyelitis) Treatments- No cure. But vaccinations are available.

The Polio Story- The Vaccine that changed the world 5m-6m30 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gE4ef0yQZRU

Botulism Botulism: Illness causes by a toxin that prevents the release of ACh from nerve terminals if ingested. Symptoms- Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, double vision, weakness, difficulty swallowing and, eventually breathing. Causes- Food poisoning by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum Treatments- Doctors administer an antitoxin that binds to the toxin in the bloodstream stemming further symptoms

Infant Botulism https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cn7OrHf-Ebg

Botulism Fun Fact: Small amounts of botulinum toxin are used to treat migraines Also will temporarily paralyze selected facial muscles, smoothing wrinkles  BOTOX

Myasthenia gravis Myasthenia gravis: a neuromuscular disease where muscles do not receive the signal to contract- and are weakened Symptoms- muscle weakness (many times in the eyes, face, and muscles involved in chewing/talking/swallowing) Causes- ACh receptors are too few or blocked Treatments- Medicine  Pyridostigmine bromide inhibits the enzyme AChsterase keeping the neurotransmitter ACh around longer

Clinical Application 9.1 P.292 Read Highlight Answer Questions *

Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s Disease: a disorder where certain brain cells degenerate and damage nerve cells that control muscles Symptoms- Usually begins with a hand tremor but may lead to a face that has little to no expression, arms may not swing when you walk, speech may become slurred Causes- deterioration of neurons in the substantia nigra (part in the brain) which produces dopamine Treatments- No cure. Medicine is used to improve symptoms

The Drs: How Parkinson’s Affects the Body https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hu4eTijdIv0

Myositis ossificans Myositis ossificans: the formation of bone tissue inside muscle tissue Symptoms- Pain, tenderness, swelling, or a hard bony lump in area of injury Causes- usually occurs due to a traumatic injury in which muscle is compressed against an underlying bone so new bone begins to develop in the damaged muscle Treatments- Surgery to remove the newly formed bone

Rigor Mortis Rigor mortis: Condition that occurs after death causing the skeletal muscles to partially contract Symptoms- Joints become “fixed” or contracted Caused by chemical changes in the muscles after death due to cellular respiration ceasing. Basically molecules that allow muscles to contract are still present, but molecules that relax muscles are no longer available (ATP) Usually continues for 72 hours or more