Unit 1: Fundamental Concepts November 15, 2008 Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

Unit 1: Fundamental concepts Topics covered Definition of surveying & its scope Objective of forest surveying Classification of surveying Field measurement – linear, angular and their units Scale – R.F., graphical scale, shrunk scale with numerical Work of surveyor – field work, office work & care of instruments November 15, 2008 Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

Unit 1: Fundamental concepts 1.1 Surveying Defined What is Surveying? Determining the relative position of points (horizontal &vertical) Or delineating the form, extent, position of tract of land by means of measurements( distance, elevation & direction) Art & science of map making. Break the defination down to many slides with picture and mention it briefly. November 15, 2008 Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

Unit 1: Fundamental concepts 1.1 Surveying Defined Includes the staking out the lines and grades needed for the construction projects Break the defination down to many slides with picture and mention it briefly. November 15, 2008 Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

Unit 1: Fundamental concepts 1.1 Surveying Defined Includes the staking out the lines and grades needed for the construction projects OGL Road Level November 15, 2008 Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

Unit 1: Fundamental concepts 1.1 Surveying Defined Involves field work, office work Angle measurement, Distance measurement…. Systematic recording of data in field book Computation of data, plotting work Calculation of area and volume….. Break the defination down to many slides with picture and mention it briefly. November 15, 2008 Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

1.1 Objectives of forest surveying In forestry Map out fire burnt areas Demarcate and/or check forest boundaries Layout felling coupes Prepare plantation maps, stock maps, Detect & rectify encroachments Prepare plans of areas for plantation, clearance etc. Align extraction path, road inside the forest In NRM/Soil conservation & watershed management acquire design data for the construction of conservation structure (check dam, conservation pond, retaining wall, trail, drainage structure…..) Try to find pictures of activities of surveying in forestry and insert it November 15, 2008 Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

1.1 Plane & Geodetic Type Survey Some true facts: Oblate spheroid shape of earth 12 Km long arc lying on earth surface is only 1 cm greater than the subtended chord. ∑angles of spherical triangle - ∑angles of plane triangle = 1 sec for 195 Sqkm earth area. Get the picture of earths image from net and paste here. November 15, 2008 Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

1.1 Plane & Geodetic Type Survey Plane Survey Spheroidal shape neglected All triangles formed are plane triangle Simple mathematics enough to handle calculation Geodetic survey Spheroidal shape taken into account All triangles formed are spherical triangle Include work of larger magnitude Used to determine the precise position of points Use of advance mathematics to handle calculation November 15, 2008 Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

1.1 Classification of survey Based upon nature of field Land Surveying Topographical Cadastral City Hydrographic Surveying Astronomical Surveying Based upon objective of survey Engineering Surveying Military Surveying Mine Surveying Geological Surveying Archeological Surveying November 15, 2008 Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

1.1 Classification of survey contd…….. Based upon instrument used. Chain Surveying Compass Surveying Theodolite Surveying Plane table Surveying Photographic Surveying GPS Surveying Based upon methods of surveying Traverse Surveying Triangulation Surveying Tachometry Surveying Aerial Surveying November 15, 2008 Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

1.2 Measurement types & its unit Distance (Horizontal & Vertical) Angle (Horizontal & Vertical) Units of Distance British System – older system, ft, inch, yard Metric System – meter, cm, mm Conversion factor Units of Angle Sexagesimal – USA, UK, India Centesimal – Europe Hours System – Astronomy & Navigation November 15, 2008 Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

Unit 1: Fundamental concepts 1.3 Scale Scale Impossible to plot the area in same size paper Map distance/corresponding ground distance Methods Engineer’s scale - 1cm = 10 m Representative Fraction - 1/1000, 1/300 Graphical scale 5m 0 m 15 m 10 m Scale Choice Factors Purpose of the map to be used (Individual nursery plot/design or community forestry master map plot/design) Profile leveling vs. cross sectioning November 15, 2008 Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

Unit 1: Fundamental concepts 1.3 Scale contd….. Extent of area to be represented in map Map of Pokhara 1:5000 Map of IOF 1:5000 Shrunk scale Used when graphical scale is not drawn Product of shrinkage factor and original scale Shrinkage factor? Shrunk length/original length November 15, 2008 Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

Numerical on scale contd….. The area of the plan of an old survey plotted to a scale of 10 meters to 1 cm measures now as 100.2 sq. cm as found by planimeter. The plan is found to be shrunk so that a line originally 10 cm long now measures 9.7 cm only. Find (i) the shrunk scale (ii) true area of survey. Tips for solution November 15, 2008 Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

Unit 1: Fundamental concepts Work of a surveyor Field work Office work Care and adjustment of the instrument November 15, 2008 Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

Unit 1: Fundamental concepts Work of a surveyor Field work Establishing stations and bench marks as point of reference (horizontal & vertical control) Measuring angle and distance of survey lines Locating details ( boundary wall, street, building…..) Giving lines and levels for construction work Measuring across the obstacle Taking measurements to inaccessible points Observation on the solar system to establish true bearing Field note taking (All hard work in the field will be valueless if any ambiguity exists to the meaning of records) Numerical values, sketches, explanatory notes November 15, 2008 Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

Unit 1: Fundamental concepts Work of a surveyor Office work Drafting Computing Designing Care & adjustment of instruments Delicate, precise & with many parts in single instrument (level, theodolite) Expensive November 15, 2008 Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

Thank you for your attention! Any questions? Querries? November 15, 2008 Unit 1: Fundamental concepts