Figure 1. Study area (sea level, 22° 58′S, 42° 01′W) in the restinga of the State Park of Costa do Sol, in the municipality of Arraial do Cabo, State of.

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Figure 1. Study area (sea level, 22° 58′S, 42° 01′W) in the restinga of the State Park of Costa do Sol, in the municipality of Arraial do Cabo, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. From: Experimental assessment of factors mediating the naturalization of a globally invasive tree on sandy coastal plains: a case study from Brazil AoB PLANTS. 2016;8. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plw042 AoB PLANTS | Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Figure 2. Relationships between storage period (months) and germination percentage (A and C) or germination rate (B and D) for Casuarina equisetifolia L seeds. (A and B) Germination percentage and rate of the seeds buried in the soil under light (photoperiod of 8/16 h; grey circles) and under dark (black squares) conditions; (C and D) germination percentage and rate of the seeds stored in cold conditions (black squares) and buried in the soil (grey circles) under light conditions. Data points were fitted with a linear regression function. Germination percentage: light = soil storage ( y = −1.50 x + 72.11; R<sup>2 </sup> = <sup> </sup> 0.52; P < 0.001); dark ( y = −2.63 x + 68.17; R<sup>2 </sup> = <sup> </sup> 0.67; P < 0.001); cold storage ( y = −1.71 x + 71.87; R<sup>2 </sup> = <sup> </sup> 0.77; P < 0.001). Germination rate: light = soil storage ( y = 0.0009 x + 0.25; R<sup>2 </sup> = <sup> </sup> 0.005; P = 0.29); dark ( y = −0.002 x + 0.20; R<sup>2 </sup> = <sup> </sup> 0.03; P = 0.20) and cold storage ( y = −0.005 x + 0.20; R<sup>2 </sup> = <sup> </sup> 0.84; P < 0.001). Different letters denote significant differences between the curves with ANCOVA ( P < 0.05) [ see Supporting Information—Table S2 ]. From: Experimental assessment of factors mediating the naturalization of a globally invasive tree on sandy coastal plains: a case study from Brazil AoB PLANTS. 2016;8. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plw042 AoB PLANTS | Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Figure 3. Seed germination (mean ± SD) of Casuarina equisetifolia at constant and alternating temperatures. Different upper case letters indicate significant differences in germination percentage (bars, left y -axis) and different lower case letters indicate significant differences between germination rate (line, right y -axis). ANOVA, post hoc Tukey’s test ( P < 0.05). From: Experimental assessment of factors mediating the naturalization of a globally invasive tree on sandy coastal plains: a case study from Brazil AoB PLANTS. 2016;8. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plw042 AoB PLANTS | Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Figure 4. Effect of red/far-red light (R:FR) ratios on mean final germination percentage (±SD) of Casuarina equisetifolia L. Data points were fitted with a sigmoidal regression function (solid line; R<sup>2 </sup> = <sup> </sup> 0.983; P < 0.05). From: Experimental assessment of factors mediating the naturalization of a globally invasive tree on sandy coastal plains: a case study from Brazil AoB PLANTS. 2016;8. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plw042 AoB PLANTS | Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Figure 5. Survival curves of young plants of Casuarina equisetifolia ( n = 15) under combined effects of light (2, 15, 70 and 100 %) and water regimes (HW—high water, LW—low water) over 16 weeks. Survival analysis was performed with the Kaplan–Meier product limit method. The letter codes indicate homogeneous groups (log-rank test, P < 0.05). From: Experimental assessment of factors mediating the naturalization of a globally invasive tree on sandy coastal plains: a case study from Brazil AoB PLANTS. 2016;8. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plw042 AoB PLANTS | Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Figure 6. Relative Distance Plasticity Index (RDPI) for 12 allocation traits of young plants of Casuarina equisetifolia in response to three levels of light (15, 70 and 100 % of photosynthetic photon-flux density) after 16 weeks. The traits shown are specific root length (SRL), specific stem length (SSL), total dry mass (TDM), total leaf mass (TLM), slenderness index (SI), leaf area ratio (LAR), shoot: root ratio (SR), specific leaf area (SLA), total leaf area (TLA), root mass fraction (RMF), stem mass fraction (SMF) and leaf mass fraction (LMF). The RDPI values range from 0 (no plasticity) to 1 (maximal plasticity). From: Experimental assessment of factors mediating the naturalization of a globally invasive tree on sandy coastal plains: a case study from Brazil AoB PLANTS. 2016;8. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plw042 AoB PLANTS | Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Figure 7. Regression analysis between Mean Relative distance plasticity index (RDPI) in response to light and Phenotypic Integration (PI) in response to shady (15 % of light; A) and sunny conditions (100 % of light; B) among 12 morphological traits of young plants of Casuarina equisetifolia . Each point in the regression analysis corresponds to a single trait. From: Experimental assessment of factors mediating the naturalization of a globally invasive tree on sandy coastal plains: a case study from Brazil AoB PLANTS. 2016;8. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plw042 AoB PLANTS | Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.