Zhou Yuhua Ningbo University of Technology Unit 4-3 Back Vowels 后元音 Zhou Yuhua Ningbo University of Technology

Vowel Charts: English Pure Vowels front central back high i: u: I ʊ mid-high з : e ə ɔ: mid-low ʌ ɒ æ ɑ: low Vowel Charts: English Pure Vowels

/u:/ and / ʊ / / u: / / ʊ /

00 too food soon 0 do who move ou you group soup u June rude Susan ew, ue, ui chew blue juice u put full sugar o wolf woman bosom oo good foot book ou could should would / ʊ /

Comparison between /u:/ and / ʊ / /u:/ is the highest back vowel, so the raised part of the tongue for /u:/ is higher than that for /ʊ/; /u:/ 是高位后元音,因而舌位比/ʊ/高 The part of the tongue raised for /ʊ/ is not as back as that for /u:/; /ʊ/的舌位没有/u:/的位置后 /u:/ has quite strong lip rounding while the lips are only slightly rounded for /ʊ/. /u:/的口型非常圆而/ʊ/则稍圆即可

Reading practice /u:/ / ʊ / Fool /fu:l/ Full / fʊl / Cooed /ku:d/ Could / kʊd / Grume /gru:m/ Groom /grʊm/

Sentence Practice-- / u: / Please choose either boots or shoes. Who said the soup was too cool? You may use the blue boots and don’t move the new shoes. Hugh’s tooth is loose. Hugh shoots a goose and loses his loose tooth. As a rule, Sue is foolish and stupid at school.

Sentence Practice-- / ʊ / He stood on one foot, looked and looked. He had a good look at the cookery book. The woman pushed the book with her foot. Put the firewood by the bushes. Mr. Wood looks like a good cook. The cook understood the sugar was no good. He took a book to the wood and had a good look at it.

Reading for fun Look, look, look, The good old cook, Took out a pudding! Look! Look! Look! At noon I took a book And sat by the pool in the wood I soon took off my shoe And put my foot in the pool Oh! How cool! How cool!

/ ɔ:/ and / ɒ / æ / ɔ: / / ɒ/

/ ɔ:/ / ɒ / or horse cord born aw saw jaw law a all talk salt ou, au ought daughter ore, oor before door / ɔ:/ 0 on dock dog ou, ow cough knowledge a was watch want au because sausage / ɒ /

Comparison between /ɔ:/ and / ɒ / / ɒ / is a low vowel while /ɔ:/ is a mid vowel, so the mouth is more open for / ɒ /. / ɒ / 是低位元音而/ɔ:/ 是中位元音，所以/ ɒ / 的口型更大。 /ɔ:/ has quite strong lip rounding while the lips are only slightly rounded for / ɒ /. /ɔ:/ 需要双唇呈滚圆形而/ ɒ /之需要双唇微圆即可。

Reading practice / ɔ:/ / ɒ / cork / kɔ:k/ cock/ kɒk / short / ʃɔ:t/ shot / ʃɒt / born / bɔ:n/ bon / bɒn / chalk / ʧɔ:k/ chock / ʧɒk /

Sentence Practice-- / ɔ:/ Maud is short. Paul is tall. Your four daughters are all very tall. All the four were born abroad. Forty horses were walking across the lawn. The robbers were caught on the spot by the cops. The ball rolled across the lawn into the pond. You ought to do what the doctor ordered.

Sentence Practice-- / ɒ / John is strong. Oliver is not. They washed the socks on the rocks. John has got a pot of hot water. Tom’s got a lot of dots on his socks. Lots and lots of clocks and watches have gone wrong. The doctor has a stock of bottles in his office.

Read for fun Froggy-boggy sat on a rock, Froggy-boggy had a great shock! Froggy-boggy fell off the top, Into the pond he fell with a plop!

/ :/ ʌ

ar car star part dark march al calm palm half / :/

Comparison between / :/ and /Λ/ For / :/ the tongue is almost flat in the mouth. The tip of the tongue does not touch the lower teeth. The lips are neutrally open. As for /Λ/, the part of the tongue that is raised is the centre of the tongue. The tip of the tongue touches the base of the lower teeth. The lips are widely open but not as wide as that for / :/. Remember, / :/ is a back truly open vowel while /Λ/ is a central vowel. / :/ 在发音时，舌几乎平放于口中，舌尖并不触及下牙，而嘴唇自然张开。/Λ/在发音时，舌的中部抬升，舌尖触及下牙的根部，而口型张开但不及/ :/ 。所以，/ :/ 是大口后元音而/Λ/ 是中口元音。

Reading practice / :/ /Λ/ Lark / l:k/ Luck /lΛk/ Calm / k:m/ Come /kΛm/ March / m:ʧ/ Much /mΛʧ / heart / h:t/ Hut /hΛt/

Sentence Practice-- / :/ He laughs best who laughs last. A large army marched past the grassland. The car was parked in the farmyard. Half the class have passed. A bargain is a bargain. The dance party in the farmyard lasted far into the night.

Read for fun You can drive a car, Running on the road fast. I can drive a star, Flying in the dark. The best I laugh, I laugh the last.

Folklore – Stories of Cultures Past Passage Practice Folklore – Stories of Cultures Past Folklore is the study of culture and history that is passed on through oral literature. The word “oral” means relating to the mouth, especially the spoken word. Oral literature includes stories, poems, and songs that are passed on by word of mouth. They are passed between family members and residents of villages, and from one generation to the next. Before written language and books, and long before computers, people passed information orally – by telling stories and singing songs. In some parts of the world, the oral tradition is still the primary way of communication. There are many different purposes of these songs and stories. Some stories and songs taught religious beliefs; others celebrated romance and the triumph of good over evil. Still others gave important moral lessons, especially to children. Many of these stories contained supernatural elements like fairies, witches and magic spells.

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