Sleep Deprivation, Exercise, and Anxiety Erik Manke October 3, 2014
Prank your Friends! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUPveZimopc
What is sleep deprivation? AASM <7-8 hours for adults 20% adults deprived Cognitive Effects Irritability, lack of motivation, anxiety, depression, Lack of concentration, Attention deficits, Reduced vigilance, Longer reaction times, Distractibility, Lack of energy, Fatigue, Restlessness, Lack of coordination, Poor decisions, Increased errors, Forgetfulness Bold words should be measurable in human and animal models in behavioral and neurochemical tests
Why should you sleep? WebMD list Decreased alertness Memory Impairment Stress Heart Issues Stroke Depression Obesity Poor Quality of life
Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) Very rare autosomal dominant disease Mutated PrP in brain Onset 18-60 1) Insomnia, phobias, and paranoia 2) Hallucinations 3) Drastic weight loss 4) Dementia and death -process over only 18 months
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) Plaques Beta-amyloid Tangles Tau Symptoms Disorientation, mood changes, learning deficits, irritability, memory loss (short-term), depression, loss of inhibitions, sleep-wake cycle shifts
Sleep Deprivation and Cognition Alkadhi et al 2013 Restoration of brain metabolism Absence of sensory Allow memory consolidation Hippocampus Humans and animals differ Correlate to size and metabolic rate
Sleep and the Hippocampus Excitatory Synaptic Transmission NMDA-R signalling Overall hippocampal activity increases Both pre- and post-learning
Sleep Cycle REM NREM Hippocampus and cortex disconnect Local NMDA activity Memory Integration NREM Hippocampus and cortex synchronization Memory Connection
Sleep Deprivation Models Forced Activity Gentle Handling Head Lifting Enlarged Environment Modified Multiple Platform Technique
Forced Activity Animal forced to exercise on rotating wheels while sleep should be taking place
Gentle Handling Animal prodded gently if sleep occurs– can be selective process for NREM or REM
Head Lifting Requires monitoring of polysomnography machine to ID sleep stage—Pulley system gently lifts rats head to awaken
Enlarged Environment Large novel environment will cause sleep deprivation because rat will explore rather than sleep—non-intrusive and non-stressful—generalized sleep deprivation
Modified Multiple Platform Technique Social groups of rats are allowed to balance on islands over the water—upon REM sleep, rats fall in and awaken—also stressful and interferes with 40% NREM sleep
Anxiety and Sleep Deprivation
Short Term Memory-Water Maze
Cognition Related Brain Signaling Molecules
Counteracting Sleep Deprivation Nicotine Caffeine Exercise
Exercise and Alzheimer’s Disease Hosseinzadeh et al 2013 Homocysteine (Hcy) Oxidative stressor Derived from methionine Lack of physical activity Dorsal hippocampus Measure TBARS and SOD
Cognitive Benefits of Exercise Hippocampal dentate gyrus Glu increased GABA decreased NO release Ach release
Shuttle Box Test Passive avoidance test Test learning and cognitive function Dark/Light chamber Shock Administration Measure time for avoidance
Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS)
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
Exercise and Sleep Restriction Zielinski et al 2013 Anxiety and memory Most studies severe Chronic-moderate sleep deprivation Sleep deprivation=Bad Exercise=Good
Elevated Plus Maze Anxiety related behaviors measured– time in open space= not anxious, time in closed space=anxious
Morris Water Maze Spatial learning and memories measured—shorter time to hidden platform=learning, longer time=no learning
Hippocampal c-Fos Measure Hippocampal activity and spatial memory
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Neurotrophin regulates cortical and hippocampal synaptic plasticity—necessary for learning and memory
Take Home Messages Exercise positively correlates with proper hippocampus function Improve memory and learning Sleep deprivation negatively correlates with proper hippocampus function Decrease memory and learning Exercise has anxiolytic effects but can be decreased by sleep deprevation
Take Home Messages (cont.) Exercise can reduce the effects of Alzheimer’s disease Reduction of oxidative stress Decrease SOD levels and increase TBARS levels Learning and memory decreased from AD Mirrored effects of Hcy in rat brain Rescued by exercise
Take Home Messages (cont.) Effects of sleep deprivation can be rescued Caffeine, nicotine, and exercise
Take Home Messages (final)