Appointment to the Supreme Court A Level Government & Politics Students should be able to: Identify the key parts of the appointments process Explore the political significance of the process Evaluate why President’s place a high importance on the process

Appointing Justices The system is a 4 step process Senate hearings and confirmation FBI Background Checks Search is Instigated Vacancy Occurs

1. Vacancy Occurs For a seat to be filled on the court, a vacancy must first exist. This can come about in a number of ways: Death of a Justice E.g. Antonin Scalia who died in February 2016 Retirement E.g. Sandra Day O’Connor who retired in 2006 Impeachment E.g. Samuel Chase in 1805, although he was acquitted It is then up to the President to start a search for a replacement

2. The Search is On The President instructs the Executive Office to start the search. There are several places they can take advice from and look for a nominee Advice Congress Professional Bodies such as the American Bar Association Members of the Cabinet Nominees Lower Courts Executive Branch Legislative Branch Academia

3. Background Checks All nominees are checked by the FBI is they are going to a Supreme Court Justice. It is to make sure they are right and that there are no skeletons in closets. In addition to the FBI background check, they also have a interview with the President. Presidential choice is an important factor in the selection of a Supreme Court justice, as President’s seek to leave a legacy The American Bar Association will also give a nominee a rating. Clarence Thomas was the last President to receive a lower than perfect rating.

4. Confirmation Hearings Vote on the Senate Floor Senate Judiciary Committee Hearings Nominee Announced WIN LOSE Nominee appointed as a Justice Nominee is then subject to press scrutiny Nominee may withdraw if they lose the hearing vote Process goes back to the start

Summary Senate hearings and confirmation FBI Background Checks Advice sought from: Advisors Congress Professional Bodies Nominees can come from: Lower Courts Executive Branch Legislative Branch Academia Senate hearings and confirmation FBI Background Checks SJC holds hearings for the candidate Sometimes candidates withdraw if hearing is bad Vote on the floor. If committee rules against, Senate typically will Search is Instigated FBI Checks and interview with the President. ABA gives an informal rating Clarence Thomas is the last nominee to receive lower than perfect Vacancy Occurs Death, Retirement or Impeachment

Why is this important? Presidents get to serve 8 years at the most. Supreme Court justices get to serve for life. Many will outlive the Presidents who appointed them, not only politically but also in life. Presidents will therefore seek to appoint someone who is similar to them ideologically. For example Obama appointed liberal justices Kagan and Sotomayor Presidents seek to leave the Supreme Court as an echo chamber of administrations past.

Some Famous Appointments Earl Warren Appointed by Eisenhower who said it was the biggest god dam mistake of his life Robert Bork Reagan’s controversial nomination, the subject of a negative ad campaign. Failed to confirm David Souter Appointed by George H W Bush he has turned out to be one of the most liberal members of the Court

Appointment to the Supreme Court A Level Government & Politics Students should be able to: Identify the key parts of the appointments process Explore the political significance of the process Evaluate why President’s place a high importance on the process