Low Carbon and Energy Efficient Technologies: Implementation, Success Stories and Challenges in Global Shipping Dr Zabi Bazari | GMN Consultant MTCC-Africa 1st National Workshop | 19-20 June 2017 | Mombasa, Kenya The Global MTCC Network (GMN) project is funded by the European Union and implemented by IMO The views expressed in this presentation can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union

Content 1 Introduction to low carbon shipping 2 Energy efficient technologies Alternative fuels 1 2 3 4 Emissions abatement technologies 5 Conclusions

Low carbon shipping Eco-ship: Design for energy efficiency Eco-shipping: Operation for energy efficiency Low carbon fuel: Alternative fuels

Potential for energy efficiency Various studies has evaluated the potential for ship energy efficiency. There are general agreement that a significant reduction is possible.

 Energy Efficiency Technologies

Ship dimensions and hull form Ship dimensions and principle characteristics. Hull design optimisation. Areas for improvement include: Hull itself – reduce skin friction. Afterbody – reduce wave making resistance. Bulbous bow - reduce wave making resistance. Flow optimisation around hull appendices and openings.

Hull Air Lubrication A cushion of air at the bottom of the ship Mitsubishi A cushion of air at the bottom of the ship Advantages: Reduces skin friction Saving potentials up to 10%. Tries and tested on few ships. Issues: Best suited to ships having flat bottoms. Bubble retention difficult Impact on propeller Energy needed to produce compressed air Ref.: System by DK Group

Propulsion Technologies Propeller efficiency and losses Contra-rotating propellers Becker Marine Systems Mewis duct Ducted propeller Wake equalising duct [Scheneekluth] Integrated propeller-rudder Promas efficiency rudder [Ship Technology website] Propeller boss cap fins DSME system [SPPA] Pre-propeller stator

Engine Waste Heat Recovery Key advantages: Practical and feasible. Up to 12% energy saving on larger ships. Key issues: Cost and payback period not there yet. Lack of operation flexibility.

Engine Technologies De-rated engines: Up to 5% energy efficiency Long-stroke engines: 4-7% efficiency gains

Fuel Cell Technology – Long term Fuel Cell Basics Research is concentrated on pilot systems of up to about 500 kW A longer term future

Hybrid-Electric Ships Mechanical propulsion Hybrid propulsion Electric propulsion Operation flexibility Energy efficiency Cost (CAPEX and OPEX)

Hybrid-electric and energy storage (battery) technologies A ship concept with fuel cell and battery configuration Battery Technology Electrical integration and Control Technologies Enabling Technologies Fuel Cell Technology Alternative Fuel and Energy (LNG, H2, wind, Solar, etc.) Shore Power Technology Typical hybrid system configuration. Source: Wartsila

Auxiliary Machinery Technologies Variable speed drives High efficiency electric motors Energy saving lighting system Energy metering and monitoring systems

Renewable Energy Technologies Norway Multi Marine Ferry: Capacity 125 cars, 110 m long and 17 m wide “Plug-in” LNG hybrid Two Flettner rotors Est. a minimum 12% reduction in fuel use. Solar: NYK Car Carrier Auriga 328 solar panels, USD 1.68m, 40 kW, ~0.3% of installed power Ref: SkySails GmbH & Co Kites Wing Sails impression by Eco-Marine

NOx limits and solution

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) NOx is converted back into N2 using SCR. SCR uses a “catalyst” and a chemical “agent” to do the job The “catalysts” is a form of precious metal. The “agent” is normally ammonia or urea. NOx can be reduced by up to 95%. Operational complexities and costs.

Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Exhaust gas is re-circulated Lower cylinder temp and NOx Hot EGR or cold EGR Need for exhaust gas filtration / scrubbing Up to 50% reduction in NOx. Penalty in higher fuel consumption. Source: MAN publication: Tier III compliance – Slow speed engines

Sulphur limits and solutions Source: IMO Compliance method: Low sulphur fuel LNG SOx scrubbers

Scrubber technology: How does it work? SOx is removed via using washwater. System includes: Water supply Water treatment Exhaust gas monitoring Water monitoring Treatment agent Types Sea water Fresh water Hybrid Issues Space Cost (CAPEX and OPEX) Operational complexity Source: Wartsila

 Concept ships – A window to the future

Concept Ship 1 – Medium Term – DNV Quantum A wider beam for stability and reduction of need for ballast. A wider deck to increase capacity. A slender hull with high fuel efficiency; A better bow for sea-keeping and efficiency; Reduced wind resistance. LNG as fuel with possibility of burning liquid fuels Reduced design speed: 21 knots Lightweight material: About 1,100 tonnes of weight saving Machinery and ship systems: Electric propulsion + dual fuel engine generators

Concept Ship 2 – Long Term - NYK Super ECO 2030 LNG as fuel. Fuel cell Lightweight material. Contra-rotating propellers. Wind and solar power. Hull friction reduction Battery technology Etc. 69% reduction in CO2

Conclusions There are a variety of technologies and fuels that may be used to reduce GHG emissions from shipping. The technologies may be divided into: Optimised solution of existing technologies Innovative technologies Future ships will be more expensive to build and more complex to operate. However, future ships will be much more energy efficient and will have smaller environmental footprint.

Thank you for your attention! http://gmn.imo.org/