Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Defining Abnormality Abnormality Deviation from the average Deviation from the ideal A sense of personal discomfort The inability to function effectively A legal concept Abnormal behavior Causes people to experience distress and prevents them from functioning in their daily lives © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Terrorist Suicide Bombers: Normal or Abnormal? Suicide bombers are not psychologically disordered Motivated by commitment to a particular group or cause Political Religious © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Perspectives on Abnormality Medical perspective Suggests symptoms of abnormal behavior are rooted in physiological causes Psychoanalytic perspective Views abnormal behavior as stemming from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Perspectives on Abnormality Behavioral perspective View abnormal behavior as a learned response Humanistic perspective Emphasize the responsibility that people have for their own behavior, even when such behavior is seen as abnormal Sociocultural perspective Makes the assumption that people’s behavior – both normal and abnormal – is shaped by the kind of family group, society, and culture Cognitive perspective Assumes that cognitions (people’s thoughts and beliefs) are central to a person’s abnormal behavior © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Perspectives on Abnormality © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Classifying Abnormal Behavior Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) System devised by the American Psychiatric Association, used by most professionals to diagnose and classify abnormal behavior © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Major Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders Phobic disorder Intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations Panic disorder Anxiety that is not triggered by any identifiable stimulus and last from a few seconds to several hours Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) Experience long term persistent anxiety Anxiety disorder Anxiety occurs without external justification and begins to affect a person’s daily functioning © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Major Psychological Disorders Phobic disorders © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Major Psychological Disorders Frequency of symptoms in GAD © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Major Psychological Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive disorder Obsession A persistent, unwanted thought or idea that keeps recurring Compulsion Urge to repeatedly carry out some act that seems strange and unreasonable, even to the individual who experiences them © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Major Psychological Disorders Somatoform Disorders Psychological difficulties that take on a physical (somatic) form, but for which there is no medical cause Hypochondriasis Constant fear of illness and a preoccupation with their health Conversion disorder Involves an actual physical disturbance, such as the inability to see or hear, or to move an arm or leg whose cause is purely psychological © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Major Psychological Disorders Conversion disorders sometimes cause numbness in particular isolated areas of the body © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Major Psychological Disorders Dissociative disorders Psychological dysfunctions characterized by the separation of critical personality facets that are normally integrated, allowing stress avoidance through escape Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality) Individual displays characteristics of two or more distinct personalities Amnesia Disorder in which a significant selective memory loss occurs Fugue An amnesiac condition where people take sudden, impulsive trips, sometimes assuming a new identity © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Major Psychological Disorders Emotional disturbance that is strong enough to intrude on everyday living Major depression Severe form of depression that may last months or years in which the person experiences characteristic symptoms Worthless feelings Loneliness Crying Sleep disturbance Suicide © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Major Psychological Disorders Across different places and cultures, women are diagnosed more frequently with depression than men © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Major Psychological Disorders Bipolar disorder Condition in which a person sequentially experiences periods of mania and depression Mania Extended state of intense, wild elation © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Major Psychological Disorders Schizophrenia Class of disorders in which severe distortion of reality occurs Decline from a previous level of functioning Disturbances of thought and language Delusions Hallucinations and perceptual disorders Emotional disturbances Withdrawal © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Major Psychological Disorders Schizophrenia Process schizophrenia Symptoms develop relatively early in life, slowly and subtly Reactive schizophrenia Onset of symptoms is sudden and conspicuous Positive-symptom schizophrenia Negative-symptom schizophrenia © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Major Psychological Disorders Schizophrenia Type I schizophrenia Positive symptoms are dominant Type II schizophrenia Negative symptoms are more prominent © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Major Psychological Disorders Causes of schizophrenia Biological Heredity Dopamine hypothesis Glutamate hypothesis Schizophrenia occurs when there is excess activity in those areas of the brain that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Major Psychological Disorders Causes of schizophrenia Environmental perspectives Expressed emotion Interaction style characterized by criticism, hostility, and emotional intrusiveness by family members Cognitive perspective Overattention Underattention © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Major Types of Schizophrenia © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Personality Disorders Disorders characterized by a set of inflexible, maladaptive behavior patterns that keep a person from functioning appropriately in society © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Personality Disorders Narcissistic personality disorder Exaggerated sense of self-importance Antisocial personality disorder (sociopath) Characterized by no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others Borderline personality disorder Characterized by their difficulty in developing a secure sense of who they are © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Childhood Disorders Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance fro frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Other Disorders Psychoactive substance-use disorder Eating disorders Sexual disorders Organic mental disorders © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Prevalence of Psychological Disorders © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.