Abraham Lincoln ** Description of birth, upbringing, and education February 12, 1809 - Lincoln is born.   ** Description of birth, upbringing, and education 1842 - Marries Mary Todd Lincoln      1855 & 1859 - Loses legislature’s vote for the Senate for Illinois.    Nov. 6, 1860 - Wins 1860 Presidential Election Sept. 22, 1862 - Issues Emancipation Proclamation ** Enduring objective during the Civil War Nov. 19, 1863 - Delivers the “Gettysburg Address”   Nov. 8, 1864 - Wins 1864 Presidential Election April 9, 1865 - General Lee surrenders April 14, 1865 - Shot by John Wilkes Booth and dies the next day Abraham Lincoln

What is President Lincoln’s Principle Objective for War? Letter to Horace Greeley of “New York Tribune” on Aug. 22, 1862: Lincoln states, “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I don't believe it would help to save the Union.”

Lincoln’s Assassination, April 14, 1865 Much Larger Plot … John Wilkes Booth = President Lincoln Lewis Powell = William Seward George Atzerodt = Andrew Johnson

** In response to the video scenes, from Lincoln (2012) write down the following questions and answer them in response to watching the video clips: Questions: Limitations of the Emancipation Proclamation … Authority of States’ Laws … (3) 13th Amendment needed because … (4) What about the depictions of his character and personality … Why the telling of stories?

Lee Surrenders at Appomattox April 1, 1865 Gen. Lee gives up Richmond, flees West Gen. Lee’s surrenders to Gen. Grant on April 9, 1865.

Lee Surrenders at Appomattox From U.S. Grant To R.E. Lee, Appomattox Court-House, Virginia April 9, 1865. General: I propose to receive the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia on the following terms … The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the government of the United States … The arms, artillery, and public property to be parked and stacked … This will not embrace the side-arms of the officers nor their private horses or baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed to return to his home, not to be disturbed by United States authority so long as they observe their paroles and the laws in force where they may reside.

Lee Surrenders at Appomattox From R.E. Lee To U.S. Grant Head-Quarters, Army of Northern Virginia April 9, 1865. General: I received your letter of this date containing the terms of the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia, as proposed by you. As they are substantially the same as those expressed in your letter of the 8th instant, they are accepted. I will proceed to designate the proper officers to carry the stipulations into effect. R. E. Lee, General. Lieutenant-General U.S. Grant.  ** Gen. Lee thanks Gen. Grant, stating, the kindness would “do much toward conciliating our people.”

Headquarters, Army of Northern Virginia, 10th April 1865. General Order No. 9 After four years of arduous service marked by unsurpassed courage and fortitude, the Army of Northern Virginia has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers and resources. But feeling that valour and devotion could accomplish nothing that could compensate for the loss that must have attended the continuance of the contest, I have determined to avoid the useless sacrifice of those whose past services have endeared them to their countrymen. By the terms of the agreement, officers and men can return to their homes and remain until exchanged. You will take with you the satisfaction that proceeds from the consciousness of duty faithfully performed, and I earnestly pray that a merciful God will extend to you his blessing and protection. — R. E. Lee, General, General Order No. 9

Interesting Facts About the War 2/3’s of Southerners did not own slaves. In 1860, if the Confederacy were an independent nation, it would have had the fourth largest economy in the world. However, by 1865, its exports of cotton dropped by 95%.

Why the Civil War was a Revolution? (1) Destruction of the South ¼ of white, male Southerners killed Southern wealth decreases by 60% during 1860’s 1860, total South’s share of national wealth was 30%; by 1870, it’s 12% 1860, average Southerner’s income was 2/3’s of Northerners; by 1870, it’s 2/5’s of a Northerner (2) 620,000 casualties because of the war in a nation of 50 million people (3) 13th Amendment - Slavery no longer existed in the nation

Reconstruction Era between 1865 to 1877, involving “bringing” the states back into the Union and changing institutions. Was it a success or failure? Tough question.

2nd Era of “Reconstruction” The Civil Rights Era (1954 – 1968)