Unit Two: Population Geo

Population Terms Demography: the study of population data Overpopulation: when resources cannot support the pop Density: how many per area

Tokyo: Overpopulated or Overcrowded?

Demography Social, economic, or political characteristics

Population Growth 0 ~200 Million People 1800 1 Billion 1900 1.6 Bill

World 7,005,691,234 11:42 UTC (EST+5) Apr 08, 2012 TOP TEN COUNTRIES WITH THE HIGHEST POPULATION # Country 2011 Population 2050 Expected Pop. 1 China 1,336,718,015 1,303,723,332 2 India 1,189,172,906 1,656,553,632 3 United States 313,232,044 439,010,253 4 Indonesia 245,613,043 313,020,847 5 Brazil 203,429,773 260,692,493 6 Pakistan 187,342,721 276,428,758 7 Bangladesh 158,570,535 233,587,279 8 Nigeria 155,215,573 264,262,405 9 Russia 138,739,892 109,187,353 10 Japan 126,475,664 93,673,826

Pop Distribution: Descriptions of locations where people live

Cartogram Countries are displayed by size of population rather than land area. Countries named have at least 50 million people.

World Population Clusters 66% clustered in four regions: 1. East Asia 25% (China, Japan, S. Korea, Taiwan) 2. South Asia 20% (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh) Europe (concentrated in cities) 4. North America (megalopolis of “Bowash”)

Ecumene: portion of Earth’s surface inhabitable for people We occupy less than 20% of Earth’s surface

Population Distribution Densely populated regions Low lands Fertile soil Temperate climate Sparsely Populated Regions dry lands wet lands high lands cold lands

Density Arithmetic Density Physiological Density Agricultural Density

Arithmetic Density: total # of people per land area

Arithmetic Density: The total number of people / area of land measured in km² or mi²

Crude density, also called arithmetic density, is the total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological (Agricultural) Density: # of people per unit of arable land (suitable for agriculture)

Physiological Density: The number of people per Physiological Density: The number of people per unit of area of arable land

EGYPT Arithmetic Density= 192 people/ sq.mi. Physiological Density= 6,682 people/sq. mi. Egypt’s arable lands are along the Nile River Valley. Moving away from the river a few blocks, the land becomes sandy and wind-sculpted.

Egypt’s population distribution is closely linked to the proximity of water. In the north, the population clusters along the Mediterranean and in the interior, along the banks of the Nile River. (2004)

World Pop Growth: birth rate (b) − death rate (d) = rate of natural increase (r)

Population Characteristics Crude Birth Rate: # of births in a year per 1,000 people Crude Birth Rate = Births in a year 1000 people

Crude Birth Rate : The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people

Population Characteristics Crude Death Rate : # of deaths in a year per 1,000 people Crude Death Rate = Deaths in a year 1000 people

Crude Death Rate : The total number Crude Death Rate : The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Population Characteristics Natural Increase: % growth of pop in a year DOEST NOT INCLUDE MIGRATION

Natural Increase: The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Natural Increase USA RNI: 0.6% Nepal's RNI: 2.4% Implication???

Population Characteristics Doubling Time: # of years to double… *rule of 70: Doubling = 70/x x = % change 10% change…doubling is 70/10= 7 years

Population Characteristics Total Fertility Rate (TFR): # of births per women of childbearing age TFR of 2.1 = “ZPG” (zero pop growth) Infant Mortality Rate: # of deaths under age 1

Infant Mortality Rate: - the number of deaths of Infant Mortality Rate: - the number of deaths of children under the age of 1

Population Characteristics Life Expectancy: # of years to live Life Expectancy at Birth (2003) Men Women US 74 80 Japan 78 85 Nepal 59 58 Kenya 46 46 France 76 83

Life Expectancy : The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.

A Population Bomb? Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) - “father” of pop geo - stated pop grows faster than resources - lower CBR or global famine, war, disease

“Neo-Malthusians” Pop “explosion” due to medical revolution “stripping” world of resources Paul Ehrlich (1960s) warned of pop bomb in 1970s

Critics of Malthus: “Cornucopians” cultural “possibilism” Technology More people = more consumers, more creativity “Cornucopian” S-curve

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL DTM: change in pop. due to industrialization; better economy = less kids! (designed for W. Europe)

DTM- Stage 1 High CBR High Death Rate Agricultural High Death Rate Epidemics Stationary growth…no country today

DTM- Stage 2 High Birth Rate Declining Death Rate High growth agri. improvements medicine High growth Today: poor undeveloped; Sub-Saharan African

DTM- Stage 3 Declining Birth Rate Low Death Rate Slowing down wealth education; contraceptives Low Death Rate Slowing down Today: Mexico, South Africa, China

DTM- Stage 4 Low Birth Rate women in workforce Low Death Rate Stationary Growth highly industrialized: U.S., U.K., France

Stage 5??? Pop “Implosion”

Dependency Ratio: # of people non workers (aged 0-14 /65+) relative to workers (15-64).

Population Pyramids “Age-Sex” stage in DTM gives country’s pop structure

Developing Developing Developed (poor) (Mexico, Brazil China) (rich)

Rapid Growth stage 2 of DTM Large # of young, less older

Slow Growth stage 4 of DTM “Aging population” less young

NO GROWTH End of stage 4/stage 5

Pop Pyramids Of U.S. Cities

**How many points for essay?

Epidemiological Transition Model Stages of the “medical revolution”

AIDS/HIV+

Pro-growth Policies Communism Europe NOW USSR China: Mao Zedong (“every mouth to feed comes w/ 2 hands”) Europe NOW tax breaks, cash to have kids

Restrictive Policies China: “One-child” policy - male preference for kids…many baby girls aborted or abandoned)

Solutions to Pop Growth Empowerment of Women Education Changing cultural norms to value girls Birth Control Policies