Measurement of Transport in the PME EPA03 Task 2.B M.N. Glauser, D.R. Marr, I.M. Spitzer Syracuse University

Task Overview Both phases of the Measurement of Transport in the PME : High accuracy, optical measurement techniques which are non-disruptive to the flow and provide higher resolution data than previously available Incorporate motion into the experiment to study the impact on the velocity flow field and particle transport efficiency Phase averaged analysis of the unsteady breathing cycle

Beneficiaries of Heated Manikin Research Velocity measurements (PIV) within the human breathing zone and subsequent analysis around a heated body Useful for CFD validation and turbulent model calibration Measurements of particle velocity, size, and concentration (using PDPA) in buoyancy driven flow Useful for risk assessment and understanding of particle behavior in the indoor environment Problems and Solutions Problem: Individual experiments are time consuming. Solution: Creating a computational validation database allows for a shortened time from from problem to solution. Problem: What role does motion play in exposure to gaseous and PM contaminants and their effect on human health and performance? Solution: Experimental results of changes in particle velocity, concentration and size with rotation are a step towards determination of exposure due to motion.

2006 SAC Concerns Defining the “who” and “how” for users of this investigation. Discussed previously. Companies need to be actively engaged in the research. An application for CARTI funding was made in the past year for collaborative research with a local ventilation company (Air Iso Inc, Tonawanda, New York). Lab visits by SRC, Johnson & Johnson and Air Iso Inc (mentioned above) hope to increase this active industry collaboration. Increased collaboration between the EQS program and EPA is desired. Recent graduates have shown interest in pursuing collaboration with EPA research facilities (Marr) and collaborative partners (Sideroff). Simple calculations relating resuspended particles and exposure levels will better define relative importance of different scenarios. Initial calculations were used for rotation rate effects on the thermal plume.

Flow Visualization Without heating With heating

Experimental Setup 6x8x8 ft. chamber Seated, rotating, heated manikin utilizing sinusoidal breathing waveform Symmetric configuration to minimize CFD grid generation Adjustable fan speed allows for 0.2 m/s inlet velocity Ducting allows for introduction of outdoor air, cleaning technologies, etc., for determination of impact on IAQ Closed loop ventilation (inches)

PIV measurement location Velocities were measured in the breathing zone and above the head in the thermal plume. Measurements were taken when the manikin was facing forward, after clockwise rotation when viewed from above. 3 2 1

Unsteady phenomenon Rotational Manikin Motion Manikin rotating 30 degrees from the chamber center How does this affect the thermal plume? What role does human motion play in ventilation design and exposure? Due to the unsteady nature of the flow, measurements were phase averaged along the breathing waveform with approximately 500 snapshots per phase location. PIV data were acquired only when the manikin was facing directly forward.

Breathing Zone Phase average vertical velocities in front of manikin face during exhale (m/s) Without rotation With rotation

Above Head: Stationary vs. Rotating Vertical velocities above manikin head (m/s), heated, without breathing, Stationary Rotating

Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) Measurements Inlet Breathing zone with heating and breathing Breathing zone with heating, breathing, and rotation Using IFL chamber Thermal Manikin Breathing Simulation Open loop ventilation Median diameter: 4 microns Diameter range: 1-12 microns Breathing zone measurement grid 27 points 4 cm vertical and horizontal spacing Each PDA measurement included: One component of velocity Particle size Calculation of concentration & flux Concentration measurements are normalized by spatially averaged inlet concentration.

Results: Phase Averaged Concentration

Results: Effect of Motion Concentration at a plane 6 cm from manikin’s face, normalized by spatially averaged inlet concentration -53 -24 0.06 0.97 0.13 1.28 Median Diameter -65 -14 0.03 0.99 0.08 1.15 Mean Diameter -87 -76 0.24 0.59 1.02 Mass Flux Volume Flux -64 -56 0.09 0.48 1.08 Concentration SD Average Spatial Average   Percent Difference Rotating Stationary

Conclusions Maximum mean horizontal exhaled air velocities are 5%-25% greater in the rotating case while the turbulence levels (RMS) have decreased by nearly 10%-50%, depending on component, although all had decreased. Rotation decreased the mean vertical velocity, particle concentration, mass flux, volume flux, mean particle size, and median particle size in the breathing zone. Concentration was highest during the exhalation portion of the breathing cycle, typically by a factor of 2 or 3 compared to the inhalation portion of the cycle and increased with distance from the manikin face. Application to IAQ and exposure risk management: A change in the entrained air velocities is accompanied by a shift in particle sizes being introduced into the breathing zone. Motion in the indoor environment reduces the primary driving force for displacement ventilation systems, affecting the IAQ.