Effects of trade activator Why does it benefit people to trade with others?

The Revival of Trade 11th and 12th centuries changed the economic foundation of Europe from basically agricultural to a mix of agricultural and commercial Italian cities took the lead

Money Economy by the end of the 12th century goods were being regularly exchanged between Flanders and Italy the demand for gold and silver coins arose money economy will replace the barter system

Commercial Revolution trading companies and banking firms were established managed the exchange and sale of goods led to the rise of commercial capitalism an economic system in which people invested in trade and goods to make a profit

Late Middle Ages Middle Ages reached a high point in the 1200s 1300s and early 1400s Europe was challenged by disastrous forces

Bubonic Plague Description: the Black Death spread by black rats infested with fleas carrying a deadly bacterium millions died of the plague between 1347 and 1351

Bubonic Plague Consequences: trade declined a shortage of workers caused a dramatic rise in the price of labor lowered the demand for food, resulted in falling prices

Great Schism Background: Struggles with the king led a French pope to take up residence in Avignon in southern France in 1305 the pope resided in Avignon until 1377 pope returned to Rome in 1377

Great schism Description: after the Pope’s death: a group of Italian cardinals elected an Italian pope a group of French cardinals elected a French pope each line of popes denounced the other lasted from 1378 to 1417 and divided Europe finally ended in 1417

Great Schism Effect: people’s faith in both the papacy and the Church were undermined the Church lost much of its political and spiritual authority

Hundred Years’ War Description: between England and France lasted from 1337 to 1453

Hundred Years’ War Joan of Arc: A peasant girl helped the French armies to finally bring the war to an end

Hundred Years’ War Effect: political instability by the fifteenth century, rulers from France, England, and other European states attempted to reestablish the centralized power of monarchies The monarchies of France, England, and Spain became known as the new monarchies The Holy Roman Empire became a land of hundreds of independent German states (The German Confederation)

Effects on the Middle Ages the Crusades, bubonic plague, Great Schism, and the Hundred Years’ War led to an end of the manorial system and feudalism growth of cities increased trade beginning of the Renaissance