SCH3U: Chemical Bonding Q: what did the bartender say when oxygen, hydrogen, sulphur, sodium and phosphorous walked into the room? A: OH SNaP!

Agenda Questions from Last Class? Ionic, Covalent and Metallic Bonding Lewis Diagram Single Atoms; hints for drawing Lewis diagrams Compounds Total Valence Electrons Steps to draw Lewis Diagram for compounds Practice Questions Reminder (Homework; Quiz; Gizmo)

Ionic bonding (Li + Cl) Li + Cl  [Li]+[Cl]– Ionic bonding (stealing/transfer of electrons) Li + Cl  [Li]+[Cl]– Chemical Formula Rutherford Diagram 3p+ 4n0 2e- 17p+ 18n0 8e-8e-2e 3p+ 4n0 2e-1e- 17p+ 18n0 7e- 8e- 2e- 1e- Li Cl [ Cl ]– [Li]+ Lewis Diagram

Ionic bonding (Mg + O) Mg + O  [Mg]2+[O]2– O Mg [ O ]2– [Mg]2+ 1e- Chemical Formula 12p+ 12n0 2e- 8e- 2e- 6e- 2e- 8n0 8p+ 8e- 2e- 8n0 8p+ 1e- 12p+ 12n0 2e- 8e- 1e- Rutherford Diagram O Mg [ O ]2– [Mg]2+ Lewis Diagram

Ionic bonding: Li + O 2Li + O [Li]2+[O]2– or 4Li + O2 2[Li]2+[ O]2– 3p+ 4n0 2e-1e- 8e- 2e- 8n0 8p+ 3p+ 4n0 2e- 1e- 6e- 2e- 8n0 8p+ 3p+ 4n0 2e-1e- 1e- O Li [ O ]2– [Li]2+

Ionic vs. Covalent

Types of Covalent Bonds a. non Polar Covalent Bond: When EN difference is zero. Equal sharing of electrons. b. Polar Covalent Bond: When EN difference is >0 and <1.7. Results in unequal sharing of electrons, one atom has a higher affinity for the electrons.

Polar Covalent Bonds

Metallic Bond (neither ionic or covalent) Occurs between two metal atoms. Valence electrons are released into a sea of electrons. Atoms release their electrons in a shared pool leads to stronger metallic bonds. Electrons are free to move and are not held together by a lattice formation (like that of ionic bonds That is why pure metals such as copper, sodium and gold are soft elements

Metallic Bonds

Chemical Bonding Lewis Structures

Lewis Diagram Single Atom: the chemical symbol and dots indicating the number of electrons in the valence energy level Compound: representation of covalent bonding based on Lewis symbols; Shared electrons are shown as lines and lone pairs as dots

To Write Lewis Diagrams 1. Write the element symbol. Around this, draw dots one for each valence electron. 2. The dots should be spread over four sides. Dots are not paired until all sides have at least one dot. 3. It does not matter on which side dots are placed. For example, hydrogen can be drawn four ways: 4. The number of valence electrons is equal to the group number. For example, hydrogen is in group IA (group 1) and it has one valence electron. Neon is in 0 (group 8) and it has 8 valence electrons. The only exception is He which is in group 8 but has 2 valence electrons.

As Br Br Br Example: AsBr3 STEP 1:place the single atom in the center and other atoms around it evenly spaced As Br Br Br

STEP 2: count the total # of valence e- for all atoms involved in the bonding Arsenic: 1 Arsenic with 5 valence electrons (1x5) = 5 AsBr3 5+21 =26 Bromine: 3 bromine with 7 valence electrons (3x7) = 21

STEP 3: place the electrons in pairs between the central atom and each non-central atom As Br Br Br

As Br Br Br STEP 4: place the remaining electrons around the non-central atom until each has 8 electrons (H atoms have only 2e-) Ex: AsBr3 5 + (7x3) = 26 26 - 6 = 20 As Br Br Br

STEP 5: if electrons remain they are placed in pairs around the central atom Ex: AsBr3 5 + (7x3) = 26 20 - 18 = 2 As Br Structural Formula As Br Br Br

Exception: if the central atom is in group 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18, the octet rule must be satisfied by moving electron pairs from non-central atoms, creating multiple bonds. Ex: SO2 6 +(6x2) =18 O O S - O S = O Structural Formula

Resonance Structure EX) CO3 When several structures with different electron distributions among the bonds are possible, all the structures contribute to the electronic structure of the molecule. These structures are called resonance structures EX) CO3 When considering the resonance structure… Formal charge closest to zero is favoured Negative formal charges on the more negative elements are favoured

Summary STEP 1:place the single atom in the center and other atoms around it evenly spaced STEP 2: count the total # of valence e- for all atoms involved in the bonding STEP 3: place the electrons in pairs between the central atom and each non-central atom STEP 4: place the remaining electrons around the non-central atom until each has 8 electrons (H atoms have only 2e-) STEP 5: if electrons remain they are placed in pairs around the central atom Exception: if the central atom is in group 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18, the octet rule must be satisfied by moving electron pairs from non-central atoms, creating multiple bonds

Summary / Hints When drawing Lewis Diagrams… Symmetrical arrangements are favoured Hydrogen is never a central atom The least electronegative element is usually the central atom When considering the resonance structure… Formal charge closest to zero is favoured Negative formal charges on the more negative elements are favoured

Practice Questions Draw Lewis Structure/ Structural Formula for the following compounds CCl4 HCl NH3 H2O OH H2

Reminder Do the practice problems and assigned homework Gizmo activity is due this Thursday!