BIOCHEMICAL MOLECULES Opeña, Diether F. Uson, Catherine Mae C Grade 11 – St. Mary Mazzarello.

TABLE OF CONTENTS: What is Biochemical Molecules? What are the different types of Biochemical Molecules? What are the function of each Biochemical Molecules? What are the structures of each Biochemical Molecules? What are the importants of each Biochemica Molecules to our body?

BIOCHEMICAL MOLECULES Biochemical Molecules also known as a Biomolecules is an organic molecule and especially a macromolecule in living organisms. And organisms is made up of of carbon and hydrogen in combination with other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur that are covalent bonded. Biomolecules make up each cell in organisms

TYPES OF BIOCHEMICAL MOLECULES The four types of Biochemical Molecules that found in our body are : Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Most of these Biochemical Molecules in living systems are polymers of much smaller molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids. Lipids are also large molecules but are not considered as biopolymers.

CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates also known as sugars are biomolecules that composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The name carbohydrate is derived from its general formula (CH2O)n which shows that it is a hydrate of carbon. Carbohydrates are important components of every organisms. They are important components of nucleic acids and the cellulose in plants that gives them a rigid structure.

Carbohydrates supply energy to all cells in the body. Carbohydrates function as an energy source of the body and acts a Bio fuel.

MONOSACCHARIDES Monosaccharides are called as simple sugars. The general chemical formula of a monosaccharide is ( CH2O)n. The general classifications of monosaccharides are based on the number of carbon atoms. The most common monosaccharide molecules contain five or six carbon atoms that are bonded together either in a chain or in ring form

3 4 5 6 7 Examples Triose Tetrose Pentose Hexose Heptose Number of Carbon Atoms Types of Monosaccharides Examples 3 Triose Aldotriose (glyceraldehyde) Ketotriose (dihydroxyacetone) 4 Tetrose Erythrose, Threose 5 Pentose Ribose, Deoxyribose 6 Hexose Glucose, Galactose 7 Heptose Sedoheptulose, Mannoheptulose

Glucose C₆H₁₂O₆ Fructose Galactose Common Name Monosaccharides Formula Blood sugar, dextrose, corn sugar, grape sugar Fructose fruit sugar, levulose Galactose brain sugar

DISACCHARIDES Disaccharides is a sugar molecules which are composed of two simple sugar units. Sucrose is a disaccharide in which the ring forms of glucose and fructose ate joined.

Sucrose Lactose Maltose Composition Formula Common Name Disaccharide Composition Formula Common Name Sucrose Fructose + Glucose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Cane Sugar Lactose Galactose + Glucose Milk Sugar Maltose Glucose + Glucose Malt Sugar

POLYSACCHARIDES Polysaccharides are polymers which are composed of units of simple sugar molecules. Starch a major component of grains and many vegetables is a polysaccharide composed of glucose units. Cellulose which is the fibrous or woody material of plants and trees is another polysaccharide formed from glucose.

LIPIDS Lipids are another type of biomolecules that are hydrophobic. Lipids are important becausethey are major forms of energy storage. They are structural components of cell membranes and serve as hormones and vitamins.

Fats are as important as carbohydrates and other biomolecules. Fats are a significant part of our diet. They are present in meat , fish, poultry, and dairy products. If food intake is not large enough to supply the energy needed by the body, the body begins to burn stored fat.

A fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long chain of saturated or unsaturated carbon atoms connected to each other. Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds. Unsaturated fatty acids contain at least one double bond.

Lauric acid 43.2 Myristic acid 54.4 Palmitic acid 62.9 Stearic acid Saturated Fatty Acid Formula Common Name Melting Point ̊C CH₃ (CH₂)₁₀ COOH Lauric acid 43.2 CH₃ (CH₂)₁₂ COOH Myristic acid 54.4 CH₃ (CH₂)₁₄ COOH Palmitic acid 62.9 CH₃ (CH₂)₁₆ COOH Stearic acid 69.6 CH₃ (CH₂)₁₈ COOH Arachidic acid 75.5

- o.1 13 -5 -11 -49 Unsaturated Fatty Acid Formula Common Name Melting Point ̊C CH₃ (CH₂)₅ CH = CH (CH₂)₇ COOH Palmitoleic acid - o.1 CH₃ (CH₂) ₇ CH = CH (CH₂) ₇ COOH Oleic acid 13 CH₃ (CH₂)₄ CH = CHCH₂ CH= CH(CH₂) ₇ COOH Linoleic acid -5 CH₃ CH₂ CH = CHCH₂ CH= CHCH₂ CH = CH(CH₂) ₇ COOH Linolenic acid -11 CH₃ (CH₂) ₄ (CH=CHCH₂) ₄ (CH₂) ₂ COOH Arachidonic acid -49

The lipid soluble vitamins are vitamins A,D,E and K. These vitamins are found in foods that are rich in fats and oil. Once vitamins are absorbed by the body, they are storeed in liver and fatty tissues when not in use.

VITAMIN A Vitamin A comes in two forms: retinol and beta carotene. Vitamin A is important for good eyesight, development of bones and teeth, formation of skin and mucous membranes and cancer prevention.

VITAMIN D Vitamin D has two forms namely: Vitamin D₂ (Ergocalciferol) Vitamin D₃ (Cholecalciferol)

VITAMIN E Vitamin E has different forms. Vitamin E can be obtained from green leafy vegetables, avocado, nuts and vegetable oil. It is an antioxidant that protects the cells from free radicals that can cause cancer.

VITAMIN K Vitamin K also exists in different forms. Vitamin K₁ is found naturally in green plants. Vitamin K is important in the production of blood-clotting proteins that help the blood to clot.

PROTEINS Proteins are biomolecules that are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements. Amino Acids are the building blocks of all proteins which are made up of carboxyl group, an amine group and a side chain. The side chain may be straight, branched or ring forms.

There are 10 essential amino acids that are needed by the body namely : Arginine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine

They are called essentials amino acids because the body cannot produce these types of amino acids. Your body needs 20 amino acids ( 10 essentials and 10 nonessentials) Nonessentials amino acids are equally important as the essential amino acids.

The 10 nonessentials amino acids are: Alanine Asparagine Aspartic Acid Cysteine Glutamic Acid Glutamine Glycine Proline Serine Tyrosine

NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic Acid are called informational molecules because they store the genetic codes needed for all cellular functions. The 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA RNA

Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogen-containing base, sugar, phosphate and five-carbon sugar. The nitrogen-containing base are: Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Uracil

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