Instiute of Sociology, University of Lodz Changing experiences of people in their 50s and 60s after the fall of communism Piotr Szukalski Instiute of Sociology, University of Lodz pies@uni.lodz.pl Comparing the experiences of people in their 50s and 60s of the change after the fall of communism Katowice, 23.06.2016

Summary The presentation is aimed at describing the most important changes emerging in the last 25 years which shaped experiences of Poles being in their 50s and 60 The Post-communist transformation reshaped „typical” life-course of the people Comparing the differences in typical life-course of different birth-cohorts should be the best way to describe the emerging changes

What does the life course depend on? Personological approach – „free” choice (agency), former experiences, resources Institutional approach – opportunity structure definied by public policies, age norms, normative models of the life course

How can we analyse the life-course? Longitudinal studies Panel studies Static analysis

People in their 50s living in urban areas, 1988-2011 (in %) Age Males Females 1988 2002 2011 50-54 61,6 65,8 60,2 63,1 69,8 65,5 55-59 59,4 66,0 63,4 60,0 68,0 68,6 Source: Census data

Spatial mobility (internal migration per 1000 person, 1990-2014)

Spatial mobility (migration to rural areas per 1000 person, 1990-2014)

Health status Probability of dying in the next 10 year at age 50 and 60, 1990-2014 Source: CSO data, http://demografia.stat.gov.pl/bazademografia/TrwanieZycia.aspx

Females as % of total population Age 1988 2002 2011 50-54 51,8 51,7 50,9 55-59 52,7 53,0 52,1 Source: Census data

Legal marital status, males, 1988-2011 (%) Year Age Single Married Widower Divorced Unknown 1988 50-54 5,9 88,0 2,3 3,8 - 55-59 4,5 88,4 3,7 3,4 60-64 3,6 87,6 6,1 2,8 65-69 3,2 85,2 9,5 2,2 2002 8,2 82,7 6,0 0,8 84,3 3,5 5,4 0,7 5,3 5,5 4,2 0,6 4,1 83,5 8,5 3,3 0,5 2011 12,9 77,1 2,0 7,2 9,6 79,3 7,0 6,6 81,6 0,4 5,0 82,4 7,9 4,4 0,3 Source: Census data

Legal marital status, females, 1988-2011 (%) Year Age Single Married Widow Divorced Unknown 1988 50-54 4,6 77,9 12,0 5,5 - 55-59 5,1 71,4 18,8 4,7 60-64 6,3 61,2 28,9 3,6 65-69 7,1 48,6 41,7 2,6 2002 5,8 75,1 10,6 7,7 0,6 5,2 69,9 17,6 6,7 4,4 62,3 27,4 5,3 4,2 52,1 38,7 4,3 2011 74,6 8,7 9,5 0,5 6,1 70,2 14,4 8,9 0,4 5,6 63,4 23,2 7,5 0,3 54,0 35,3 5,7 0,2 Source: Census data

Informal cohabitation by age, 2002-2011 Source: Szukalski 2014

Health status Disability prevalence rate by age (per 1000), Poland 1978-2011 Males Females 1978 1988 2002 2011 0–14 6 30 37 5 4 23 24 15–19 13 12 35 34 10 27 29 20–29 18 20 38 14 26 30–39 41 57 44 28 32 43 39 40–44 64 76 107 70 67 89 63 45–49 100 131 166 101 95 127 151 97 50–54 161 215 258 157 148 214 250 154 55–59 219 318 363 237 185 284 292 206 60–64 261 356 408 285 202 286 308 220 65–69 254 335 368 207 302 351 289 70–74 267 355 414 336 234 340 415 349 75–79 310 376 458 386 274 362 463 404 80+ 360 409 472 428 327 416 495 446 Source: Census data

Education status by sex, 1988-2011 Age Education – finished school Males Females 1988 2002 2011 50-54 unfinished primary 3,0 0,7 0,4 4,7 0,6 0,3 primary 44,3 21,4 11,7 53,7 25,3 12,3 vocational 23,0 36,2 43,2 8,6 25,9 secondary 19,5 26,5 26,9 25,1 34,1 35,8 higher 9,6 13,2 13,3 7,0 16,8 21,8 55-59 6,8 1,0 11,6 1,1 47,6 29,1 17,1 57,9 37,7 18,5 29,2 39,6 6,1 15,7 24,2 18,6 24,5 26,4 18,2 27,9 36,3 9,2 14,3 13,0 4,3 16,0 17,7 Source: Census data

Economic activity economic activity rate and unemploymet rate for people aged 50+, 1995-2014 Source: Bank Danych Lokalnych GUS

Economic activity Mean age at retirement, 1996-2014 Source: ZUS data, http://www.zus.pl/default.asp?p=5&id=5

Type of incomes, 1988-2011 (% of total) Age Type of income Males Females 1988 2002 2011 50-54 Work 75,6 52,7 65,3 65,9 45,1 60,2 non earning 23,8 37,0 20,0 26,0 40,7 18,0 old age pension 6,6 8,4 5,9 8,2 15,8 2,8 disability pension 15,9 20,3 9,4 16,3 21,1 8,0 Being maintained 0,6 8,3 6,7 12,5 15,4 55-59 60,7 35,5 53,7 41,7 17,4 31,0 38,8 57,9 33,4 49,2 73,9 53,1 14,8 15,0 9,9 25,0 49,5 33,6 21,3 30,7 16,6 18,8 21,7 11,1 0,5 5,0 6,2 9,1 7,4 11,4 Source: Census data

Unemployment benefits as a source of income, 2002-2011 Age 2002 2011 M F Absolute number 50-54 37321 31597 25745 23384 50-59 17371 2613 24928 12973 Percentage 2,8 2,2 1,8 1,6 2,1 0,2 2,7 0,9 Source: Census data

Mothers 50+ of children under 18 being mainteined Number (thous.) By children number (%) total number of children 1 2 3 4+ 1988 387,0 80,2 15,4 3,2 1,2 490 2002 700,8 76,9 17,8 3,8 1,4 914,5 2011 721,0 78,9 16,7 3,3 1,1 916,6 Source: Census data

Size of households, 2002-2011 Age Number of people in hh Average number 1 2 3 4 5+ 2002 50-54 17,1 22,5 25,4 19,0 15,9 3,07 55-59 21,5 31,4 23,1 12,4 11,6 2,71 60-64 27,0 38,3 18,0 8,0 8,7 2,41 65-69 32,3 42,0 13,8 5,4 6,5 2,17 2011 15,5 24,0 18,8 18,6 3,19 19,5 31,2 22,8 13,0 13,5 2,83 24,3 37,5 19,1 8,8 10,3 2,54 30,8 40,6 14,7 6,0 7,9 2,28 Source: Census data

Apartments by type of ownership, one person household, 1988-2011 Type of apartment 1988 2002 2011 50-59 60-64 65-69 40-59 60-69 owned building 25,6 32,2 36,4 18,9 23,0 26,8 26,4 owned apartment 9,1 13,5 17,8 20,7 owned cooperative apartment 5,2 4,5 4,3 19,4 22,3 15,5 22,1 cooperative 17,7 12,9 10,2 8,5 6,1 2,7 3,3 rented apartment 4,4 3,1 3,2 21,1 20,1 23,1 19,0 subrenting 2,5 0,9 0,3 0,2 being relative of owner 6,4 8,0 13,1 10,9 6,6 Source: Census data

Apartments by type of ownership, multiple person household, 1988-2011 Type of apartment 1988 2002 2011 50-59 60-64 65-69 40-59 60-69 owned building 46,2 50,9 66,4 38,7 39,3 47,3 42,1 owned apartment 9,4 11,7 17,2 20,1 owned cooperative apartment 3,3 2,6 2,5 17,1 19,5 10,4 16,3 cooperative 17,0 9,5 7,8 12,9 7,0 3,1 3,6 rented apartment 0,9 1,1 15,6 15,5 15,3 12,7 subrenting 0,3 0,2 0,1 being relative of owner 1,8 2,7 4,5 5,5 6,6 4,3 Source: Census data

Conclusions Multidimensional changes could be observed in life experiences of the people being in 50s and 60s in Poland Both mentioned earlier approaches are useful tool to study premises and determinants of the changes