The Blood 10 Lesson 10.1: The Function and Composition of the Blood Lesson 10.2: Blood Types Lesson 10.3: Blood Disorders and Diseases

The Function and Composition of Blood Chapter 10: The Blood Lesson 10.1 The Function and Composition of Blood

The Function and Composition of Blood the function of blood the formed elements physical properties of blood Plasma red blood cells white blood cells platelets

Functions of the Blood

Physical Properties of Blood blood volume 4–5 liters of blood 8% of body weight Higher volume in athletes values Salty- NaCl of almost 1% pH 7.35-7.45, temp 100.4 5X the thickness of water The thicker the blood gets (low temperature, elevated HCT, high altitude), the harder the heart has to work What about people on blood thinners? color bright red from artery dull red from vein

Manufacturing Blood Cells hematopoiesis making new blood cells stem cells make blood cells in red bone marrow majority lymphatic tissue

Plasma liquid portion of blood Pale yellow 90% water 8% plasma proteins Fibrinogen, Albumin, Globulin Transport of fats and FS vitamins, BP, blood volume and clotting 2% mixture of electrolytes, nutrients, ions, respiratory gases, hormones, waste products Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca regulate electrolytes Bicarbonate, Phosphate and Sulfate buffers regulate pH It is all dynamic and controlled by negative feedback mechanisms!

The Formed Elements- 45% solid portion of blood red blood cells carry oxygen white blood cells immune response platelets Clot Centrifugation shows these elements clearly! 3 layers- plasma, white cells/platelets (buffy coat), and RBCs How we measure hematocrit (RBC as a % of total volume) Should be 45% in men, 40% in women Rises with dehydration or plasma loss High altitude raises HCT to 60-65% ( as a result of less o2) Blood doping

The Composition of Blood

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Shape, size and number disk-shaped Central pallor from cellular collapse as it ejects the nucleus Larger binding area for O2 and CO2 Increases flexibility to allow maneuvering room Cell only lives 120 days, and since it has no nucleus it can’t replicate….. Why is this good? 7–8 micrometers in diameter 4-6 million per cubic mm Hemoglobin ( a globin protein and an Iron molecule- heme) binds with oxygen 4 binding sites per Hb Each RBC has 250 million Hb molecules 12-16g/dL in men, 13-18 g/dL in women

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) erythropoiesis the process of making red blood cells Regulated by kidneys Erythropoietin in response to low o2 Also need Iron, folic acid, b12 and protein to make RBCs recycling red blood cells live 120 days phagocytosis–RBCs recycled if they wear out too soon hemolysis–RBCs broken open at the end of 120 days ( kill switch) Broken into globin and heme Globin becomes amino acids and rebuilds Heme becomes iron and bilirubin ( bile)

Characteristics of White Blood Cells granulocytes neutrophils perform phagocytosis kill bacteria and fungi first responders Most abundant eosinophils Small numbers destroy parasitic worms control allergic responses/inflammatory processes Basophils Fewest Produces heparin Allergic reactions and asthma release histamine bring more WBCs

Characteristics of White Blood Cells agranulocytes Lymphocytes 20% B cells produce antibodies 80% T cells and NK cells fight cancerous tumors and viruses monocytes perform phagocytosis live longer than neutrophils morph into macrophages and remove dead cell debris and attack microorganisms

Platelets (Thrombocytes) hemostasis stops bleeding steps of hemostasis vessel wall injury and constriction platelet aggregation platelet plug formation and coagulation blood clot formation and retraction

The Process of Hemostasis

Chapter 10: The Blood Lesson 10.2 Blood Types

Blood Types blood types the Rh classification system complete blood count

Blood Types A, B, AB, and O antigens and antibodies on surface of RBC identify self and non-self antibody in blood plasma mark foreign cells There is some tie to ethnicity vs blood type- see the chart on 348 to see where you fall The other chart shows what blood type you could have based on inheritance.

Blood Types

The Rh Classification System Rh-positive individuals have Rh factor antigen on RBCs 85% of the population Rh-negative individuals do not have Rh factor antigen on RBCs Rh factor complications First is OK, then body makes antibodies against Rh erythroblastosis fetalis Fatal lysing of the RBCs as they are attacked by the mother’s cells RhoGAM Immune serum, prevents the creation of anti-Rh antibodies Given a card- tells when you need to have it

Blood Transfusions First one is OK regardless, then you have to type (ABO) and match ( Rh) agglutination clumping of RBCs Hemolysis Hb clogs kidneys, decreased o2 carrying Nausea, fever, vomiting universal recipient blood type AB universal donor blood type O

Complete Blood Count detects blood disorders or diseases Anemia, clotting disorders, immune dz, blood cancer, dehydration…. Tons of things!

Blood Disorders and Diseases Chapter 10: The Blood Lesson 10.3 Blood Disorders and Diseases

Anemia=decreased O2 carrying capacity decrease in number of RBCs insufficient amount of hemoglobin 3 main causes Blood loss, decreased RBC production, increased RBC destruction Headache, dizziness, weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath, dyspnea controlled with diet rich in iron, folic acid and vitamin B Can be acquired or inherited

Acquired Anemias =deficient diet, parasitic worms, disease iron-deficient anemia ( most common- 50%) insufficient dietary intake of iron or loss of iron from intestinal bleed bleeding from intestinal worms Main cause worldwide- usually in developing countries pregnancy Fetus is supplied with hemoglobin at the expense of the mother. Depletes mother’s iron levels Diet must be supplemented with iron and leafy green veggies ( and other high iron foods)

Acquired Anemias aplastic anemia RARE damage to stem cells in bone marrow Unable to produce blood cells causes Toxins- pesticides radiation therapy or chemotherapy infectious disease Hepatitis, Epstein-Barr, HIV, autoimmune dz like lupus or RA Heredity Treat by removing toxin, d/c radiation/chemo, bone marrow or stem cell transplants

Acquired Anemias pernicious anemia intestines can not absorb vitamin B12 Stomach stops making intrinsic factor or autoimmune disorder attacks IF Later in life ( 60+ years) Diabetes, Addison’s, thyroiditis can increase risk Red, swollen tongue, pale skin, fatigue and shortness of breath, diarrhea and/ or constipation Treat with b12 supplements

Acquired Anemias anemias caused by chronic disease rheumatoid arthritis kidney disease chronic infections cancer

Inherited Anemias= genetic makeup sickle cell anemia RBCs have abnormal shape from abnormal Hb molecules Less 02 carrying ability crises–painful episodes when cells get stuck Bacterial infection, fatigue, stroke, shortness of breath Need transfusions of healthy blood, pain medication, fluids More common in Mediterranean or African descent Both parents must be carriers and give SCA gene

Inherited Anemias= genetic makeup Cooley’s anemia cannot produce fully formed hemoglobin cannot make enough RBCs Require transfusions Can lead to toxic iron levels Heart attack, liver failure 50% of patients die before 35 years of age Chelation therapy Helps reduce iron levels Chelating blood pumped into body It binds with iron and is excreted in urine Infused over 8 hours ( usually at night), 4-6 nights a week

Jaundice yellow-colored skin and whites of the eyes excess bilirubin from breakdown of RBCs possible liver damage Common in newborns Especially in Rh differences Treated with phototherapy UV light Resolves in 2-4 weeks photobank.kiev.ua/Shutterstock.com

Blood Disorders hemophilia polycythemia inherited blood does not clot 1 of 13 clotting factors is missing, usually VII or IX More common in males, 1 out of 5000 births per year. polycythemia overproduction of RBCs causes thick blood Phlebotomy reduces RBCs , and aspirin can be used to thin the blood

Leukemia cancer of the blood acute lymphocytic leukemia Overproduction of WBCs Overcrowd and outlive healthy cells Frequent infections acute lymphocytic leukemia over production of lymphocytes Common in >70 acute myeloid leukemia too many myeloblasts Blasts become RBC, WBC and platelets Adult onset

Leukemia chronic lymphocytic leukemia chronic myeloid leukemia high level of lymphocytes Affects middle age adults chronic myeloid leukemia too many granulocytes Therapy includes chemotherapy, radiation, marrow transplants

Multiple Myeloma plasma cell cancer in bone marrow may damage bone, causing weakness Treatable- chemotherapy, steroids, marrow transplants incurable