History of Internet Bart Meulenbroeks

Content Introduction Creation of ARPANET From ARPANET to Internet From Internet to the World Wide Web Development of the World Wide Web Questions

Creation of ARPANET (1) 1957 – USSR launched Sputnik I United States were shocked Advanced Research Projects Agency Thechnological think-tank Space, ballistic missiles and nuclear test monitoring Communication between operational base and subcontracters Sputnik I: 1955 – Eisenhouwer & Kremlin 4 October 1957 70 kgs bleeping sphere ARPA: Apply state-of-the-art technology to US defence

Creation of ARPANET (2) 1962 – computer research program Leaded by John Licklider (MIT) Leonard Kleinrock published his first paper on packet-switching theory 1965 – first “wide area network” created Connection between Berkeley and MIT John Licklider: “Galactic Network” concept --> computers would be networked together Leonard Kleinrock: Break up a message in small packages Send them speratly to their destination Reassembling them at the other end Vint Cerf and Bob Khan who defined the "Internet Protocol" (IP) First WAN: Telephone line were low-speed

Creation of ARPANET (3) 1967 – plans for ARPANET were published MIT – NPL (UK) – RAND 1969 – Interface Message Processor (IMP) 4 computers (UCLA, SRI, UCSB and UTAH) 1971 – 23 host computers (15 nodes) 1967: MIT, National Physics Laboratory (UK), RAND corporation 1969: IMP is build by BBN (million-dollar contract) 4 computers UCLA Stanford Research Institute University of California Santa Barbara University of Utah First attempt to login (at UCLA into SRI) fails as the letter G of LOGIN was entered

From ARPANET to Internet (1) 1972 – ARPANET went ‘public’ ICCC First program for person-to-person communication (e-mail) 1973 75% of all ARPANET traffic is e-mail First international connection (University College of London) 1972: First International Conference on Computers and Communication (Washington DC) Linking computers from 40 different locations together First host-to-host protocols 1974: TCP/IP marked a crucial stage in networking development Crucial concept was the ‘open architecture’ (“Galactic Network”)

From ARPANET to Internet (2) 1974 – TCP/IP Each network should work on its own Within each network there would be a ‘gateway’ Packages would be routed through the fastest available route Large mainframe computers Several years of modification and redesign 1974: crucial stage in networking development Crucial concept was the ‘open architecture’ (“Galactic Network”) Gateway would be a large computer (large volume of traffic) to transmit and redirect any packages Gateway would cut-down workload and speed up the traffic Packages can be rerouted System was designed for a limited number of national (sub-) networks.

From ARPANET to Internet (3) 1974/1982 – Networks launched Telenet – first commercial version of ARPANET MFENet – researchers into Magnetic Fusion Energy HEPNet – researchers into High Energy Physics SPAN – space physicists Usenet – open system focusing on e-mail and newsgroups Bitnet – university scientists using IBM computers CSNet – Computer Scientists in universities, industry and government Eunet – European version of the Unix network EARN – European version of Bitnet

From ARPANET to Internet (4) 1974/1982 Very chaotic Different competing techniques and protocols ARPANET is still the backbone 1982 – The internet is born using the TCP/IP standard 1978: TCP/IP split into TCP and IP 1979: first suggestion of adding emotcions (widely used in 1982)

From Internet to WWW (1) System expands Advances in computer capacities and speeds Introduction of glass-fibre cables Problems created by its own success More computers are linked (1984 – 1000 hosts) Large volume of traffic (success of e-mail) 1984 – Introduction DNS Increasingly predictions were voiced that the entire system would eventually grind to a halt Until then eacht host computer had been assigned a name Edu, com, gov, org and country codes

From Internet to WWW (2) Use of internet throughout the higher educational system British government – Joint Academic Network US National Science Foundation – NSFNet NSFNet Use of TCP/IP Federal Agencies share cost of infrastructures NSFNet shared infrastructure Support behind the ‘Internet Activities Board’ NSFNet provided the ‘backbone’ IAB: descendent of the IWG (1972) Backbone First computers: 56,000 bytes per second 1988: 1,544,000,000 bytes per second Purposes: only in support of research and education

From Internet to WWW (3) NSFNet Commercial users broke the capacity bottleneck encouraged a surge in Internet use 1984 – 1,000 hosts 1986 – 5,000 hosts 1987 – 28,000 hosts 1989 – 100,000 hosts 1990 – 300,000 hosts encouraged the development of private Internet providers Commercial users Commercial users Hardware and software suppliers had been adding TCP/IP Little experience 1985 – the IAB organised the first workshop targeting the private sector 1987 – first commercial network, UUNET, was founded Internet still is forbidden place for the uninitiated Documentation available is highly scientific Finding stuff is a pain in the neck Transfer times are relatively slow

From Internet to WWW (4) 1990 – ARPANET was wound up 1990 – first search-engine (Archie) 1991 – NSF removed restrictions on private access “Information superhighway” project Al Gore’s project provided funds (over $3,000 mln) for futher research

The World Wide Web (1) 1989 – WWW concept by Tim Berners-Lee 1990 – first browser/editor program Tim Berners-Lee Scientist at CERN (European centre for High Energy Physics – Geneva) Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

The World Wide Web (2) National Center for SuperComputing Applications launched Mosaic X Commercial websites began their proliferation Followed by local shool/club/family sites The web exploded 1994 – 3,2 million hosts and 3,000 websites 1995 – 6,4 million hosts and 25,000 websites 1997 – 19,5 million hosts and 1,2 million websites January 2001 – 110 million hosts and 30 million websites Mosaic X Eary to install Easy to use Backed by 24-hour customer support Improved graphical capabilities Many features which are available today 1994: tens of thousands of versions had been installed Commercial websites began their proliferation Followed by local shool/club/family sites Accelerated by even-more powerful and cheap personal computers The web exploded

The World Wide Web (3) 1994 Supported colour Pictures are placed in-line December 1992 – 50 website were online December 1993 – 150 website were online

The World Wide Web (4) Some facts 1994 – Hotmail starts web based email 1994 – World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded 1995 – JAVA source code was released 1996 – Mirabilis (Israel) starts ICQ 1998 – Google is founded Microsoft acquires Hotmail in 1998 W3C director is Tim Berners-Lee AOL acquires Mirabilis and Netscape in 1998 Google is founded by two Stanford graduate students, who worked on the idea since 1995

The World Wide Web (5)

The World Wide Web (6)

Questions???