Arc Hydro Groundwater Data Model Gil Strassberg, David Maidment University of Texas at Austin Norman Jones, Brigham Young University

Outline Background: objectives, previous design New design and books, Framework Groundwater components Examples

What is a hydrologic data model? Booch et al. defined a model: “a simplification of reality created to better understand the system being created” Objects Aquifer stream Well Volume R.M. Hirsch, USGS

Developing a groundwater data model Take a variety of spatial information and integrate into one geospatial database with a common terminology Better communication Integration of data Base for applications Geologic maps Time series observations Borehole data Groundwater data model (geospatial database) Hydrostratigraphy Geospatial vector layers Numerical models Gridded data

Goals of the Arc Hydro groundwater data model Objective: Develop a geographic data model for representing groundwater systems. Data model goals: Support representation of regional groundwater systems. Support the representation of site scale groundwater data. Enable the integration of surface water and groundwater data. Facilitate the Integration of groundwater simulation models with GIS.

Regional groundwater systems Describe groundwater systems from recharge to discharge In many cases assumed as 2D systems, vertical scale >> horizontal scale

Site scale data Describe groundwater data in a small area of interest. Usually includes 3D data (e.g. multilevel samplers, cores). Multilevel samplers in the MADE site in Mississippi Photographs provided by Chunmiao Zheng

Integration of surface water and groundwater data Describe the relationship between surface water features ( e.g. streams and waterbodies) with groundwater features (aquifers, wells). Enable the connection with the surface water data model Hydro network Aquifers

Integration of groundwater simulation models with GIS Define data structures for representing groundwater simulation models within GIS. Support spatial and temporal referencing of model data – allows the display and analysis of model data within a “real” geospatial and temporal context. Focus on modflow as the standard model used in the groundwater community Non spatial representation (layer, row, column) Geospatial representation (x, y, and z coordinates)

Old design One big geodatabase with 3 conceptual components: Hydrogeology, Simulation, Temporal

Outline Background: objectives, previous design New design and books, Framework Groundwater components Examples

New Design Better integrate surface water and groundwater Easier implementation Solution: One framework – including basic surface water and groundwater features Componentize the data model smaller thematic pieces

Components Components can be added to the framework to represent specific themes in more detail Surface water components Groundwater components Network Wells and boreholes Framework Drainage Hydrostratigraphy Hydrography Geology Chanel Simulation Temporal (enhanced) Temporal component

Space and Time (technical) Two books Surface water Groundwater Introduction Framework Space and Time (technical) 3D ArcGIS (technical) Hydro networks Geology Watersheds Wells and Boreholes River channels Hydrostratigraphy Temporal Simulation Implementation

Framework Groundwater features Surface water features Time Series

Framework Watershed Waterbody HydroPoint Stream Aquifer Well MonitoringPoint Time Series

Surface water and groundwater In many cases data are collected and stored separately Store, visualize, and analyze data in the same context Well in the Edwards Aquifer (state well 6823302) Streamflow Gage at Comal Springs, New Braunfels Texas

Aquifer features Polygon features for representing aquifer boundaries and zones within them Map of major aquifers in Texas Edwards Aquifer

Aquifer features An aquifer is defined by one or a set of polygon features Aquifer features can be grouped by a hydrogeologic unit id (HGUID) FType for defining types of aquifer features

Well features Wells represented as 2D point features State well number 6829103 Types of wells Wells represented as 2D point features Can be related with a certain Aquifer FType for defining types of wells

Hydro Features HydroID – Unique ID within the geodatabase (internal relationships) – Every feature in Arc Hydro is assigned a unique HydroID HydroCode – Public identifier (external relationships)

HydroCode links to external applications Web interface for groundwater data in Texas Texas Water Information Integration & Dissemination (WIID) The state well number becomes the HydroCode of the Well feature in Arc Hydro

Aquifer and well Well 1729 State well number 6829103

Wells and TimeSeries Well features are related with time series (water levels, water quality)

Surface water features Watershed – Polygon features for representing a drainage area Stream – Line features representing the path of flow as linear hydrographic features (blue lines on a map) Waterbody – Polygon features representing water bodies HydroPoint – Point features for representing any point hydrographic feature (diversion, spring, dam, etc.)

MonitoringPoint has time series Monitoring points are related with time series (streamflow, water quality, precipitation)

Surface water – groundwater linkage AquiferID is added to the surface water features Surface water and groundwater features can be linked through the AquiferID and HydroID attributes Work in progress –still trying to figure out exactly which relationships are needed

Surface water – groundwater linkage Relationships between surface water and aquifer enable analysis based on spatial and hydrologic relationships Stream reaches overlying an aquifer outcrop

Outline Background: objectives, previous design New design and books, Framework Groundwater components Examples

Components Geology - mostly representation of data from geologic maps Wells and Boreholes – Description of well attributes and vertical data along wells Hydrostratigraphy – 2D and 3D description of hydrostratigraphy Temporal - Representing time series data Simulation – Representation of groundwater simulation models

Geology Features for representing data from geologic maps Faults Caves Data from USGS report: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2005/2873/

Components Geology - mostly representation of data from geologic maps Wells and Boreholes – Description of well attributes and vertical data along wells Hydrostratigraphy – 2D and 3D description of hydrostratigraphy Temporal - Representing time series data Simulation – representation of groundwater simulation models

Well Wells are the most basic features in groundwater databases Attributes of wells describe its location, depth, water use, owner, etc. In many cases these data are collected from driller reports

Wells in the Edwards Aquifer The Well location is defined as a 2D point in the Well feature class In the Arc Hydro model we only predefine a set of basic attributes Wells in the Edwards Aquifer

Wells and 3D data 3D data is referenced along the well From depth (top) – To depth (bottom) From To

Wells and Boreholes Vertical data (stratigraphy, casing) are related with wells 3D information is stored as tabular data in the VerticalMeasurements table Can create 3D features (points, lines) for visualization

Creating 3D displays We can create 3D displays of wells with the elevation and depth attributes of the well feature Land surface Extruded well features

3D features (BorePoints and BoreLines) Data on 3D intervals/points along the well Wells with hydrostratigraphic information

3D features (BorePoints and BoreLines) Original data is in text format Each data represents the top of a formation at one well Data from USGS report: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5226/

3D features (BorePoints and BoreLines) Data on 3D intervals/points along the well are stored in tabular format Well HydroID = 3266

3D features (BorePoints and BoreLines) Combining the well geometry (x, y) and the vertical measurements we can describe a set of 3D geometries (x, y, z) 146 128 -60 41 -81 750 -140 -217 -372 -433 Georgetown Fm. (GTOWN) Cyclic + Marine member (CYMRN) Upper confining unit Leached + collapsed member (LCCLP) Regional dense member (RGDNS) Grainstone member (GRNSTN) Kirschberg evaporite member (KSCH) Dolomitic member (DOLO) Lower confining unit, upper Glen Rose (UGLRS)

3D features (BorePoints and BoreLines) BorePoints representing geologic contacts along wells Each point represents the top of a hydrogeologic formation Well Land surface BorePoint

3D features (BorePoints and BoreLines) BoreLines representing intervals along wells Each line represents a hydrogeologic unit (top and bottom) Well HydroID = 3266 BoreLines for well 3266 BorePoints and BoreLines can also be used to represent other features along wells (construction, sampling ports, screens)

Components Geology - mostly representation of data from geologic maps Wells and Boreholes – Description of well attributes and vertical data along wells Hydrostratigraphy – 2D and 3D description of hydrostratigraphy Temporal - Representing time series data Simulation – representation of groundwater simulation models

Geology to hydrogeology Stratigraphic units are usually grouped into hydrogeologic units An aquifer can have a number of hydrogeologic units Definition may change based on scale (local vs. regional) and purpose Stratigraphic units Hydrogeologic units Upper confining unit Georgetown Fm. (GTOWN) Georgetown Fm. Cyclic + Marine member (CYMRN) Pearson Fm. Leached + collapsed member (LCCLP) Edwards Aquifer Regional dense member (RGDNS) Grainstone member (GRNSTN) Kirschberg evaporite member (KSCH) Kainer Fm. Dolomitic member (DOLO) Basal Nodular member (BSNOD) Upper Glen Rose (UGLRS)

Products and workflow

Hydrostratigraphy HydroGeologicUnit table provides a conceptual description of hydrogeologic units Spatial features Relates with spatial features representing instances of the HGU

BorePoints representing top of hydrogeologic units HGUArea 2D polygons defining boundaries of hydrogeologic units BorePoints representing top of hydrogeologic units Kainer boundary Georgetown boundary

GeoSection 3D polygons representing cross sections SectionLine defines the 2D cross section line Section line connecting a sequence of wells Section A-A’ (HydroID = 4666)

GeoSection Each polygon is part of a section group defined by the SectionID The SectionID of the polygon relates back to the section line Section A-A’ (HydroID = 4666)

GeoRasters Raster catalog for storing and indexing raster datasets Can store top and bottom of formations Each raster is related with a HGU in the hydrogeologic unit table Georgetown Person Kainer Glen Rose

Raster of hydraulic conductivity in the Edwards Aquifer GeoRasters GeoRasters also store hydraulic properties such as transmissivity, conductivity, and specific yield K (feet/day) Raster of hydraulic conductivity in the Edwards Aquifer

GeoVolume Objects for representing 3D volumes Geometry is multipatch

GeoVolumes in the geodatabase Can create the volumes as a set of 3D triangles Not real volume – can’t do any 3D operations Volumes in this example were generated in GMS and imported to the geodatabase Volumes in GMS Georgetown Person Kainer GeoVolumes in the geodatabase

Derived GeoSections GeoSections can also be created by “cutting” through GeoVolumes C-C’ D-D’ E-E’ E-E’ D-D’ C-C’ GeoSections Section lines on a 2D view of GeoVolumes Derived 3D GeoSections

Components Geology - mostly representation of geologic data from geologic maps Wells and Boreholes – Description of well attributes and vertical data along wells Hydrostratigraphy – 2D and 3D description of hydrostratigraphy Temporal - Representing time series data Simulation – representation of groundwater simulation models

Types of time varying datasets Single variable time series – A single variable recorded at a location, such as stream discharge or groundwater levels Multi variable time series – Multiple variables recorded simultaneously at the same location, such as chemical analysis of a water sample Time varying surfaces (raster series) – Raster datasets indexed by time. Each rater is a “snapshot” of the environment at a certain time. Time varying features (feature series) – A collection of features indexed by time. Each feature in a feature series represents a variable at a single time period.

TimeSeries and TSType Each measurement is indexed by space, time, and type Space = FeatureID Time = TSDateTime Type = TSTypeID FeatureID TSDateTime TSTypeID TSType provides information on the time series

Query by location and type (FeatureID = 2791 TSTypeID = 2) Getting data views We can “slice” through the data cube to get specific views of the data What? Where and What? Where? Query by location (FeatureID = 2791) Query by type (TSTypeID = 2) Query by location and type (FeatureID = 2791 TSTypeID = 2) FeatureID TSDateTime TSTypeID 2791 FeatureID TSDateTime TSTypeID 2 FeatureID TSDateTime TSTypeID 2 2791

Get all the data of TSType 2 measured at Feature 2791 Data views Get all the data of TSType 2 measured at Feature 2791

Data views FeatureID of the time series = HydroID of the spatial feature (e.g. Well) TSTypeID relates to the TSType table Well HydroID = 2791

TimeSeries Table A query by location (FeatureID) and type (TSTypeID) Create a plot of time series related to a feature Well HydroID = 2791

Data views A type-time view: Get water levels (TSTypeID =2) for 2/2004 FeatureID TSDateTime TSTypeID 2 2/2004 Water level in the Edwards Aquifer in 2/2004 Set of layers for different times creates an animation

Multi-variable time series Multiple variables recorded simultaneously at the same location Indexed by location (FeatureID), and time (TSDateTime) Example – water quality parameters Variables

Multi-variable time series Can query for multiple variables together New Braunfels Springs Well HydroID = 2833

RasterSeries Raster datasets indexed by time Each raster represents a continuous surface describing a variable for a given time January 1991 January 1992 January 1993

Feature Series A collection of features indexed by time Example of particle tracks Features are indexed by TSType, TSDateTime, and GroupID Each group of features creates a track over time

Components Geology - mostly representation of geologic data from geologic maps Wells and Boreholes – Description of well attributes and vertical data along wells Hydrostratigraphy – 2D and 3D description of hydrostratigraphy Temporal - Representing time series data Simulation – representation of groundwater simulation models

Representing simulation models Georeference model inputs and outputs (in space and time) Focus on MODFLOW, block centered finite difference grid (nodes are in the center of the cells) Represent 2D and 3D models Mesh-centered Finite difference grid Block-centered finite difference grid Finite element grid

Simulation Features for representing data from simulation models Cell2D Cell2D Boundary Model origin Angle Cell3D Node Node Cell3D

Tools for read model inputs/outputs Example – Create water budgets for selected cells Water budget terms for the defined zone

Groundwater Modeling System Through our research at the EMRL, we have developed three computer programs that are widely used both in the U.S. and internationally. The Surface Water Modeling System (SMS) is used to model flow in rivers, harbors, lakes, and estuaries and to design hydraulic structures. The Watershed Modeling System is used to model watershed runoff and perform flood forecasting, including flood inundation mapping. The Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) is used to manage ground water resources and to help protect and remediate contaminated groundwater.