8-3 The Pelvic Girdle The Pelvic Girdle Made up of two (coxal bones) Strong to bear body weight, stress of movement Part of the pelvis Coxal bones Made up of three fused bones (articulates with sacrum) Ischium Pubis © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bones The Also called the hip socket Is the meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and pubis Is on the lateral surface of the hip bone (coxal bone) Articulates with head of the femur (lunate surface) A gap in the ridge of the margins of the acetabulum © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8-7a The Right Hip Bone. Ilium POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Ischium Pubis Gluteal Lines Iliac crest Anterior Inferior Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Acetabulum Lunate surface Posterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum Acetabular notch Greater sciatic notch Pubis Ischial spine Superior ramus Lesser sciatic notch Pubic tubercle Obturator foramen Inferior ramus Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus a Right hip bone, lateral view

8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Marks of the Ilium Greater sciatic notch Iliac For sciatic nerve Iliac Upper brim Depression between iliac crest and arcuate line © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Marks of the Ischium Ischial spine Ischial Above lesser sciatic notch Ischial Posterior projection you sit on Meets inferior ramus of pubis Superior ramus Meets pubic tubercle © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Marks of the Pubis Pubic Obturator Gap between pubic tubercles Padded with fibrocartilage Obturator Formed by ischial and pubic rami Attaches hip muscles © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Marks of the Pubis Pectineal line Ridge of of pubis Continues to iliac crest as arcuate line (both of the ilia) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8-7a The Right Hip Bone. Ilium POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Ischium Pubis Gluteal Lines Iliac crest Anterior Inferior Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Acetabulum Lunate surface Posterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum Acetabular notch Greater sciatic notch Pubis Ischial spine Superior ramus Lesser sciatic notch Pubic tubercle Obturator foramen Inferior ramus Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus a Right hip bone, lateral view

Figure 8-7b The Right Hip Bone. Ilium ANTERIOR POSTERIOR Pubis Ischium Iliac crest Auricular surface for articulation with sacrum Anterior superior iliac spine Iliac fossa Iliac tuberosity Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Arcuate line Ischial spine Pubis Lesser sciatic notch Pectineal line Pubic tubercle Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus Location of pubic symphysis b Right hip bone, medial view

8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bones The Pelvis Articulations of the pelvic girdle Articulation of posterior auricular surface of ilium With the sacrum Stabilized by ligaments of iliac tuberosity The Pelvis Consists of two coxal bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8-8a The Pelvis of an Adult Male. Sacrum Coccyx Ilium Pubis Hip bone (see Figure 8–7) Ischium Iliac crest L5 Iliac fossa Sacroiliac joint Sacrum Ilium Arcuate line Pubis Acetabulum Pubic symphysis Pubic tubercle Ischium Obturator foramen a Anterior view

Figure 8-8b The Pelvis of an Adult Male. Sacrum Coccyx Ilium Pubis Hip bone (see Figure 8–7) Ischium Iliac crest L5 Sacral foramina Posterior superior iliac spine Sacrum Greater sciatic notch Posterior inferior iliac spine Ischial spine Ischial tuberosity Coccyx b Posterior view

8-4 The Lower Limbs Functions of the Lower Limbs Motion Note: leg  lower leg; thigh  upper leg © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-4 The Lower Limbs Bones of the Lower Limbs Femur (thigh) Patella (kneecap) Tibia and fibula (leg) (ankle) Metatarsals (foot) Phalanges (toes) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-4 The Lower Limbs The Femur The proximal epiphysis Femoral head Articulates with pelvis at acetabulum The neck Narrow area between head and Joins shaft at © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-4 The Lower Limbs The Femur The proximal epiphysis Trochanters and lesser trochanter Tendon attachments Intertrochanteric line (anterior) and intertrochanteric crest (posterior) Mark edge of articular capsule © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-4 The Lower Limbs The Femur The shaft Linea aspera Most prominent ridge of shaft Attaches hip muscles Joins epicondyles © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-4 The Lower Limbs The Femur The distal epiphysis Medial epicondyle and Above the knee joint Medial condyle and lateral condyle Separated by intercondylar fossa and patellar surface Form part of knee joint © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8-11 Bone Markings on the Right Femur. Neck Neck Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Femoral head Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric crest Intertrochanteric line Gluteal tuberosity Lesser trochanter Pectineal line Linea aspera Shaft Lateral supracondylar ridge Medial supracondylar ridge Popliteal surface Patellar surface Adductor tubercle Intercondylar fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle Medial condyle Lateral condyle a Anterior surface b Posterior surface

8-4 The Lower Limbs The Patella Also called the kneecap A bone Formed within tendon of quadriceps femoris Base attaches quadriceps femoris Apex attaches patellar ligament © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8-12a The Right Patella (a,b) and Patella with Femur (c). Base of patella Attachment area for quadriceps tendon Attachment area for patellar ligament Apex of patella a Anterior view

Figure 8-12b The Right Patella (a,b) and Patella with Femur (c). Lateral facet, for lateral condyle of femur Medial facet, for medial condyle of femur Articular surface of patella b Posterior view

Figure 8-12c The Right Patella (a,b) and Patella with Femur (c). Lateral facet, for lateral condyle of femur Medial facet, for medial condyle of femur Lateral condyle of femur Medial condyle of femur c Inferior view of right femur and patella

8-4 The Lower Limbs The Also called the shinbone Supports body weight Larger than fibula Medial to fibula © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-4 The Lower Limbs The Tibia The proximal epiphysis Medial and lateral tibial condyles Separated by Articulate with medial and lateral condyles of femur Tibial tuberosity Attaches patellar ligament © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-4 The Lower Limbs The Tibia The shaft The distal epiphysis Anterior Sharp ridge of shinbone The distal epiphysis Medial Medial projection at the ankle © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-4 The Lower Limbs The Attaches muscles of feet and toes Smaller than tibia Lateral to tibia © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-4 The Lower Limbs The Fibula Articulations with tibia Fibula/tibia articulations Head Inferior tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane Binds fibula to tibia Lateral projection of ankle © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8-13a The Right Tibia and Fibula. Lateral tibial condyle Medial tibial condyle Head of fibula Superior tibiofibular joint Tibial tuberosity Interosseous membrane Anterior margin Tibia Fibula Medial malleolus (tibia) Lateral malleolus (fibula) Inferior articular surface a Anterior view

Figure 8-13b The Right Tibia and Fibula. Intercondylar eminence Articular surface of medial tibial condyle Articular surface of lateral tibial condyle Medial tibial condyle Lateral tibial condyle Head of fibula Interosseous membrane Tibia Fibula Inferior tibiofibular joint Medial malleolus (tibia) Lateral malleolus (fibula) b Posterior view

8-4 The Lower Limbs The Ankle Also called the tarsus Consists of seven bones Bones of the ankle Talus Carries weight from tibia across trochlea Calcaneus (heel bone) Transfers weight from talus to ground Attaches calcaneal (Achilles) tendon Cuboid Articulates with calcaneus © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-4 The Lower Limbs The Ankle Bones of the ankle Navicular Articulates with talus and three cuneiform bones Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8-14a Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Tarsal bones Calcaneus Trochlea of talus Navicular Cuboid Cuneiform bones Lateral Intermediate Medial V IV III II I Metatarsal bones Phalanges Hallux Proximal Proximal phalanx Middle Distal phalanx Distal a Superior view, right foot

8-4 The Lower Limbs Bones of the Foot Five long bones of foot Numbered I–V, medial to lateral Articulate with toes © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-4 The Lower Limbs Phalanges of the Foot Phalanges Other four toes 14 bones of the toes Big toe or great toe, two phalanges (distal, proximal) Other four toes Three phalanges (distal, medial, proximal) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8-14a Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Tarsal bones Calcaneus Trochlea of talus Navicular Cuboid Cuneiform bones Lateral Intermediate Medial V IV III II I Metatarsal bones Phalanges Hallux Proximal Proximal phalanx Middle Distal phalanx Distal a Superior view, right foot

8-4 The Lower Limbs Arches of the Feet Arches transfer weight from one part of the foot to another The arch Calcaneal portion Lateral Talar portion Medial The transverse arch Formed by a difference in curvature between medial and lateral borders of the foot © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8-14b Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Talus Cuboid Navicular Cuneiform bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges Calcaneus b Lateral view, right foot

Figure 8-14c Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Medial cuneiform bone Navicular Talus Metatarsal bones Phalanges Calcaneus Transverse arch Longitudinal arch c Medial view, right foot