13th edition Chapter 17 Pages

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Presentation transcript:

13th edition Chapter 17 Pages 635 - 671 The Special Senses 2) Vision 13th edition Chapter 17 Pages 635 - 671 12th edition Chapter 17 Pages 598 - 633

Anatomy of the eye

Anatomy of the eye

Anatomy of the eye

Anatomy of the eye

Anatomy of the eye

Intraocular Fluid

Intraocular Fluid Glaucoma

Retina Pigmented layer Photoreceptors Bipolar cells Ganglion cells Horizontal cell Amacrine cell

Photoreceptors Cones Rods

Photoreceptors Cones Rods

Light Detection

Light Detection

Light Detection

Light Detection

Photoreceptors Cones Rods Cones Rods Photopsin : blue, green and red sensitive pigments

Optics of Vision Light refraction

Optics of Vision

Optics of Vision Refraction power a lens “Diopter” = 1 m / focal length

Optics of Vision

Picture Formation cataracts (opacities in the lens)

Optics of Vision

Picture Formation Lens accommodation Pupil adjustment Fusion of the two eyes

Accommodation

Vision problems

Vision problems Ametropia : refraction error, inabiulity of properly focusing light on the retina, a frequent reason for reduced visual acuity

Vision problems

Visual acuity Ability to separate contours that are approximately 1.75 mm apart

Visual acuity Ability to separate contours that are approximately 1.75 mm apart snellen eye chart Jaeger eye chart

Visual acuity Ability to separate contours that are approximately 1.75 mm apart Jaeger eye chart

Vision problems Astigmatism : irregular curvature of either the cornea or the lens, which lead to blurred or distorted vision due to parts of the image are out of focus.

VISUAL PATHWAY

Pupillary Light Reflex

Olivary pretectal nucleus Edinger-Westphal nucleus

Photoreceptors Cones Rods

Photoreceptors Cones Rods

Color Blindness

Color Blindness Red-green color blindness

Color Blindness Red-green color blindness X linked

Color Blindness Red-green color blindness X linked Deuteranope >>> green Protanope >>> red

Color Blindness Red-green color blindness X linked Deuteranope >>> green Protanope >>> red Tritanopia >>> Blue Chromosome 7 ***anomaly : shift in the spectrum of one of the proteins i.e. Deuteranomaly, Protanomaly, Tritanopia

Color Test Chart 74 VS 21

Color Test Chart 42 VS 4 “green” / 2 “red”

Color Blindness Type Prevalence Deuteranomaly (green) 4.63% Deuteranopia (green) 1.27% Protanomaly (red) 1.08% Protanopia (red) 1.01% Tritanomaly (blue) 0.02% Tritanopia (blue) 0.03%

Type Problematic colors Deuteran (green) Green/red, green/blue, green/gray, green/brown, blue/purple, orange/red, yellow/orange. Protan (red) purple/dark blue, orange/green, brown/dark green, red/brown, green/yellow, gray/purple Tritan (blue) blue/yellow, violet/yellow-green, red/red-purple, dark blue/black, yellow/white