Macromolecules -Describe the structures and functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules. -Understand basic enzyme function and how it is affected.

MACROMOLECULES Found in all living things Building blocks of all cells Made up of the atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus and Sulfur (CHNOPS) There are 4 Macromolecules: Carbohydrates  C, H & O Lipids  C, H & O Proteins  C, H, O, N & S Nucleic Acids  C, H, O, N & P

Carbohydrates Basic units: monosaccharides (sugars) Provide energy and structural support Fiber is a carbohydrate Extra glucose is converted into glycogen in the liver Glucose

Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharide = 1 sugar (simple sugar, ex. Glucose) Disaccharide = 2 sugars (simple sugar, ex. lactose/sucrose) Polysaccharide = 3+ sugars (complex sugar, ex. cellulose, glycogen, starch)

Lipids (Fats) a long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain a hydrophilic head Basic units: fatty acids Functions: provides energy & structure, cushions the body, and prevents heat loss Made of fatty acid molecules that consist two distinct regions: a long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain a hydrophilic head

Saturated Fats contain single carbon-to-carbon bonds has lots of hydrogen solid at room temperature found in animal products

Unsaturated Fats contain double or triple carbon-to-carbon bonds & fewer hydrogen atoms Liquid at room temperature found in plant products

Molecular structures of Fats Saturated Fat Unsaturated Fat

Nucleic Acids Basic units: nucleotides There are three types: composed of  Sugar Phosphate group Base: cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine, uracil There are three types: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) ATP (adenosine triphosphate) Function: DNA directs & controls all activities of all cells in an organism – RNA helps; ATP = ENERGY!!!

DNA – DeoxyriboNucleic Acid DNA is the hereditary material passed on from parents to offspring Structure: double-stranded Phosphate group Sugar  deoxyribose Bases  Cytosine – Guanine Adenine – Thymine

RNA – ribonucleic acid RNA helps the DNA Structure: single-stranded Phosphate group Sugar  ribose Bases  Cytosine – Guanine Adenine – Uracil

Nitrogenous Bases

Proteins Atoms: C, H, N, O, S Basic units: amino acids (20) Provide energy & structure, repairs body tissues Some are called hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters, etc.

Protein Structures

Protein Structures (Cont’d)

Enzymes ARE PROTEINS! Speed up chemical reactions by lowering the Activation Energy. Enzymes examples: Amylase - breaks down sugar Proteases - break down proteins Lipases - break down lipids Catalase - breaks down hydrogen peroxide

Enzyme Action Models

Enzyme Action Models lock and key model  substrate & the enzyme fit together perfectly induced-fit model  Enzyme changes shape slightly to accommodate the substrate

Factors that affect enzyme action: Temperature – 37oC best for human enzymes pH – different for each enzyme 7 for amylase in the mouth 2 for pepsin in the stomach 8 for trypsin in the intestines Concentration of enzyme and substrate Coenzymes – helpers such as minerals and vitamins