Question 1 All organic compounds contain what element? Carbon What are the two other elements most commonly found in organic compounds? Hydrogen and Oxygen Nitrogen and Phosphate are also commonly found

Question 2 Differentiate between covalent and ionic bonds. Covalent= sharing of electrons Ionic= Electrons are donated or accepted.

17 Carbohydrate Carbonyl (C=0) Hydroxyl (OH) Monosaccharides   Structure of the Compound Function of the Compound in the Human Body / Cell Functional Group(s) Monomers -what do we call them? -what are some examples? Polymers Carbohydrate Carbonyl (C=0) Hydroxyl (OH) Monosaccharides -glucose, fructose, galactose Polysaccharides -cellulose, starch, glycogen Energy Protein Carboxyl (COOH) Amine (NH2) Amino Acid -glycine, alanine, leucine Polypeptide chain Enzymes – speed up reactions Structure of your body Antibodies Lipid Glycerol & Fatty Acids Triglycerides Wax Phospholipid Steroids Store Energy Insulate the body Protect the body Nucleic Acid X     Nucleotide DNA & RNA Store and Express the instructions for life 17

5. Draw water. Label the elements and charges that make up water. O + - H

Question 6 Hydrophilic- water loving. These substances interact well with water Generally polar molecules Hydrophobic- water fearing. Do not mix with water. Non-polar molecules

7. Explain acids and bases using the PH scale. Acids are on the lower side of the PH scale. If it’s lower than 7 than it’s an acid; if it’s higher than 7, it’s a base. Acid < 7 Neutral=7 Base > 7

Question 8. Enzymes are known as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions. They help build-up or break-down many molecules. Amylase Lactase Ligase Helicase The names have the same –ase ending.

Question 9 Enzymes help lower the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. This is really helpful for cells since so many chemical reactions need to take place quickly, that without enzymes it would take too long and the organism would eventually die.

10. What environmental factors influence enzyme activity? Temperature PH Enzyme concentration Substrate concentration Inhibitors

11. How do changes in the environmental factors listed above impact the activity of the enzyme? All of these factors can denature an enzyme, or make it stop working by changing the structure. The enzyme works best at their optimum temperature, PH, etc.

Question 12 Element- basic building blocks of all matter- found on the periodic table- pure Molecule-multiple elements together. Atom- Smallest building block of all matter (proton, neutron, electrons) Compound- Multiple elements bonded together