Chapter 01 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Organization of the Body 1.1 The Human Body

Introduction Anatomy – the structure of a part of the body and its relationship to other structures Physiology – the function of a part, individually and as part of a system The structure of a part of the body suits the function of that part (they complement each other)

The Body’s Organization Levels Levels of Organization Chemical: atoms, molecules, and macromolecules compose the cellular organelles, which perform functions of the cell Cellular: cells are the basic unit of life Tissue: made of similar cells that perform a specific function Organs: several types of tissues that perform a specific function Organ Systems: several organs that work together to perform related functions Organism: all the systems interact to make the whole organism

Levels of Organization

Organization of the Body 1.2 Anatomical Terms

Introduction Anatomical terms are used to describe: Location of body parts Regions of the body Imaginary planes that can be used to section the body

Introduction, cont. Anatomical position: A common reference point for all anatomical terms Standing erect, face, palms, and toes facing forward, arms at sides

Anatomical Position

Directional Terms Anterior (ventral)/Posterior (dorsal) Superior/Inferior Medial/Lateral Proximal/Distal Superficial/Deep Central/Peripheral

Directional Terms

Regions of the Body Axial portion – head, neck, and trunk Appendicular portion – upper and lower limbs

Terms for Body Parts and Areas

Planes and Sections of the Body Sagittal (median) plane – divides body into right and left portions Midsagittal – exactly through the midline Parasagittal – any cut not through the midline Frontal (coronal) plane – divides body into anterior and posterior portions Transverse (horizontal) plane – divides body into superior and inferior portions Longitudinal section – cut lengthwise Cross section – cut straight across

Body Planes and Sections

Organization of the Body 1.3 Body Cavities and Membranes

Posterior (Dorsal) Body Cavity Includes the: 1. Cranial cavity – contains the brain 2. Vertebral canal – contains the spinal cord Meninges – membranous layers lining the dorsal body cavity; contain cerebrospinal fluid, which nourishes and supports the brain and spinal cord

Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity Includes the: Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity, separated the diaphragm muscle Membranes that line these cavities are called serous membranes, which secrete serous fluid to reduce friction between organs.

Relationship Between the Body Wall, Serous Membranes, and Organs

Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity, cont. Thoracic cavity Medial portion (mediastinum) – contains the heart (pericardial cavity), thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, and other structures Right and left portions (pleural cavities) – contain the lungs

Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity, cont. Abdominopelvic cavity Superior portion (abdominal cavity) – contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and most of the small and large intestines Inferior portion (pelvic cavity) – contains the rectum, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and the rest of the large intestine

Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity, cont. Parietal serous membrane – lines walls of anterior body cavities Visceral serous membrane – covers organs of the anterior body cavity

Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity, cont. Thoracic cavity: Parietal Pleura – lines thoracic cavity; visceral pleura – covers lungs Parietal pericardium – lines pericardial cavity; visceral pericardium – covers heart

Major Body Cavities and Membranes

Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity, cont. Abdominopelvic cavity: Visceral peritoneum – covers the organs in abdominopelvic cavity; parietal peritoneum – lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity, cont. Nine abdominopelvic regions: Right and left hypochondriac, epigastric Right and left lumbar, umbilical Right and left iliac, hypogastric Four abdominopelvic quadrants: Right upper, left upper Right lower, left lower

Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants

Organization of the Body 1.4 Organ Systems

Support, Movement, and Protection Integumentary System Skin and accessory organs Protection, prevents infection & water loss, regulate body temperature, sense organ, synthesizes chemicals Skeletal System Bones, cartilage, ligaments Support, movement, mineral storage, produces blood cells Muscular System Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles Movement, posture, heat production; movements in internal organs and pumping blood through the body

Integration and Coordination Nervous System Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs Communication, control, and responses Endocrine System Hormone producing glands such as the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, etc.

Maintenance of the Body Cardiovascular System Heart and blood vessels Transport Lymphatic System Protects from disease Respiratory System Lungs and air passages Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

Maintenance of the Body, cont. Digestive System Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs Receive and break down food into nutrients cells can use Urinary System Kidneys, urinary bladder Remove nitrogenous waste, regulate fluid level and chemical content of the blood

Reproduction and Development Male Reproductive System Testes, ducts, glands Produce sperm and male sex hormones Female Reproductive System Ovaries, ducts, uterus Produce ova and female sex hormones, provide site for young development

Organization of the Body 1.5 Homeostasis

Introduction Homeostasis: the relative constancy of the body’s internal environment External conditions may change dramatically, but internal conditions stay within a narrow range Dynamic equilibrium – internal conditions are not absolutely constant Illness results if internal conditions change to any great degree

Negative Feedback Negative feedback is the primary homeostatic mechanism in the body; keeps a variable close to the set point Sensor – detects a change in the internal environment Control center – activates the effector Effector – produces a response to the change; reverses the change in the internal environment

Negative Feedback General Pattern

Mechanical Example of Negative Feedback

Mechanical Example of Negative Feedback

Body Temperature Regulation

Body Temperature Regulation

Positive Feedback In positive feedback, the effector continues to stimulate the sensor so that a greater change in the internal environment occurs Helps in completing a process that has a cutoff point Ex: Childbirth

Positive Feedback

Homeostasis and Body Systems All body systems contribute towards maintaining homeostasis Each system affects the other systems

Homeostasis and Body Systems, cont. Integumentary system supports and protects Muscular system moves the body and moves substances through the body Nervous and sensory systems control activities in the body Endocrine system also controls activities in the body Blood and Cardiovascular systems transport substances in the body and defends against disease

Human Systems Work Together

Human Systems Work Together

Regulation of Tissue Fluid Composition

Homeostasis and Body Systems Lymphatic system assists the cardiovascular system in transportation and defense Respiratory system exchanges gases Digestive system brings in nourishment and removes waste Urinary system removes waste Reproductive system propagates the human species

Human Systems Work Together

Human Systems Work Together

Disease Disease – when homeostasis fails and a body part doesn’t work properly Local disease – restricted to a specific part of the body Systemic disease – affects several organs systems or the entire body Acute disease – occurs suddenly and lasts a short time Chronic disease – develops slowly and is long term