Introduction to Psychology LO: To get to know each other To understand the course requirements To understand the four types of research
Getting to know you!
What you need to know
Psychological research It’s not rocket science! It’s harder! Why is studying human’s so difficult?
Types of research Self report Experiment Observation Correlation
Experiment http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/java/ready.html Stroop and lab coat Fingers task and music Hypothesis Independent variable Dependent variable Independent groups design Repeated measures Controls Extraneous variables
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Observation Behaviour when being stared at In pairs: one starer, two observers Event sampling Time sampling Inter-rater reliability Set up Asch experiement
Copy and learn Key term Definition Observations Observing of participants behaviour through controlled or uncontrolled conditions. Naturalistic observation A research method where the participant’s behaviour is studied in a natural environment. Controlled observation Participant’s behaviour is usually observed in a controlled environment (laboratory) where the researcher can manipulate the IV. Overt observations The research is open with their participants about observing their behaviour. The participants know that they are being studied. Covert Observations The participants are unaware of the presence of the researcher and they are NOT made aware that their behaviour is being observed. Inter-rater reliability The method of measuring the external consistency of a test. This method is carried out by different “raters” giving consistent estimates/measures of behaviour.
Self Report Personality test – do you agree with your personality type? Drinking questionnaire
Copy and learn Questionnaires A set of written questions with a choice of answers, devised for the purposes of a survey or statistical study. Interview An interview is a conversation where questions are asked and answers are given. Open-ended questions Are questions which obtain qualitative data by asking questions which cannot be answered with a simple one-word answer. Closed-ended questions Are questions which can be answered with a simple one-word answer e.g. “yes” or "no".
Asch
Ethics discussion
Correlation Height and enjoyment of sport Correlational study A method where the researcher aims to look for relationships between variables.
Reliability and validity Who is cleverer boys or girls? Find the average head circumference of the girls and the boys. Who has the biggest heads? Repeat the experiment Did you get the same results?
Boys Girls N Tape Guess 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 n Tape Guess 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Reliability The overall consistency of the measure or study. Validity Refers to the accuracy of a test’s ability to measure what it is supposed to measure. Demand Characteristics A subtle cue that makes participants aware of what the experimenter expects to find or how participants are expected to behave.
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