6.03 Secondary Controls and the Effects of Controls Ref: FTGU pg 15, 28, 29 40 min

6.03 Theory of Flight – Review 1. What control surface causes roll? 2. What movement does the elevator create? 3. Which axis does yaw act around? 4. Name the 2 types of fuselage construction.

6.03 Theory of Flight – Secondary effects MTPs Trim Spoilers and Dive Breaks Flaps Secondary Effects of Controls Coordination

6.03 Theory of Flight – Trim What: adjustable device located on the trailing edge of control surfaces Purpose – alleviates pressure on the controls Other types of trim are bungees connected to the control column Most often only on the elevator

6.03 Theory of Flight – Secondary effects The trim tab moves in the opposite direction as the control surface

Trim in a glider Types - side trim (bungee) 6.03 Theory of Flight – Trim Trim in a glider No trim tabs Types - side trim (bungee) - stick trim (ratchet) Bungee Trim

6.03 Theory of Flight – Spoilers & Dive Brakes Spoilers and Dive Brakes Primarily used in glider flying, also found on jets Spoilers – are hinged plates on top of the wing disrupt the airflow over the wing to “spoil” the lift (Top) Dive Brakes – increase drag (Bottom) NASA applet - http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/spoil.html

6.03 Theory of Flight – Spoilers & Dive Breaks Purpose – allows the pilot to control the rate of decent during final approach and landing - Spoilers and dive brakes increase drag and decrease lift

6.03 Theory of Flight – Flaps Increase the camber of the wing This increases the lift and the drag Known as a high lift device Allows the aircraft to have a steeper approach path with a decreased stall speed Allows glider pilot to fly slower in a thermal

6.03 Theory of Flight – Flaps Types of flaps

6.03 Theory of Flight – Secondary effects The air movement over control surfaces when they are moved causes adverse effects When you yaw you get Roll When you roll you get Adverse yaw

6.03 Theory of Flight – Secondary effects Roll from yaw When rudder is applied, the wing on the outside of the turn moves faster, which causes it to experience more lift Faster = more lift

6.03 Theory of Flight – Secondary effects Roll from yaw MORE LIFT CAUSES ROLL TO THE LEFT FASTER YAW LEFT

6.03 Theory of Flight – Secondary effects Adverse Yaw from roll When ailerons are applied the plane has a tendency to yaw away from the lower wing because of aileron drag. The wing that rises experiences more lift, but also more induced drag.

6.03 Theory of Flight – Secondary effects Adverse yaw from roll Right aileron UP MORE LIFT MORE DRAG ROLL CAUSES ADVERSE YAW Left aileron DOWN LESS LIFT LESS DRAG

6.03 Theory of Flight – Coordination To turn the aircraft without causing unnecessary drag, aileron and rudder must be used. Using too much rudder will cause a “skidding turn”. Using too little (or opposite) rudder will cause a “slipping turn”.

6.03 Theory of Flight – Coordination You slip in and skid out. Think of driving and skidding around a corner.

6.03 Theory of Flight – Confirmation How is adverse yaw created? Why is there roll when an airplane is yawed? What are the purpose of flaps? Name 2 types of trim. What is trim used for? What is the difference between slipping and skidding?

6.03 Theory of Flight – Confirmation Draw on the airplane where the following go: Flaps Spoilers Elevator Trim tab Aileron Trim tab

What we have learned today… Trim Spoilers Flaps Secondary Effects Coordination