KINGDOM PROTISTA

PROTOZOANS “proto” = first “soion” = animal Unicellular organisms called protozoans likely the precursor to the first animals to evolve Similar to animals Heterotrophic Movement Different than animals Unicellular vs. multicelluar

4 Types of Protozoans Classified by how they move Sarcodians: move by cytoplasm Zooflagellates: move by flagella Ciliaphorans: move by cilia Sporozoans: do not move, are parasitic

Sarcodians Move by cytoplasm e.g. Ameba Youtube: Ameba Feeds http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6rnhiMxtKU

Zooflagellates Move by flagella e.g. Trypanosoma African sleeping sickness

Ciliaphoranes Move by cilia e.g. Parmecium Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmwN_mD7TvY

Sporozoans e.g. Plasmodium Do not move (are parasites) Malaria

Protozoan Summary Name Locomotion Examples Sarcodian Move by extending cytoplasm Ameba Zooflagellates Move by flagella Trypanosoma Ciliaphorans Move by cilia Parmecium Sporozoans Do not move, are parasitic Plasmodium

Where do protozoans live? Grow and reproduce only in wet environments!!

Importance of Protozoans Food source for many organisms Part of phytoplankton: tiny organisms that float near the surface of oceans and lakes Control bacteria populations Act as scavengers Parasites

Algae Similar to plants because: Different than plants: Perform photosynthesis Contain chlorophyll Many have celluose in cell walls Different than plants: All plants are multicellular while many algae are unicellular

Algae “plant-like” protists Multicellular Algae Unicellular Algae Brown Algae Dinoflagellates Euglenoids Diatoms Red Algae Green Algae

Unicellular Algae Dinoflagellates: Covered with cellulose plates Have two flagella that spin the cell through the water Red tide: species of dinoflagellates, produces a neurotoxin that causes death of fish, birds, marine mammals, and other organisms

Unicellular Algae Diatoms: Covered with glass (silica) shell No structures for movement Most abundant organisms in the ocean Deposits in earth used for detergents, insulation, and polishing agents in toothpaste

Unicellular Algae Euglenoids No rigid cell wall (more “animal-like” in this way) Two flagella for movement Have chloroplasts and perform photosynthesis (more “plant-like” in this way)

Multicellular Algae Green Algae: Grow in ponds, moist soil, and saltwater conditions Usually green and multicellular E.g. Volvox, Ulva “sea lettuce” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqEHbJbu MYA&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-V7LTyJuAy 4&feature=related

Multicellular Algae Red Algae: Grow in warm saltwater conditions Not always red – can be green, orange, or black

Multicellular Algae Brown Algae Live in cool saltwater habitats Brown in color E.g. Giant kelps http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=u-6mYjgZ_5g

Importance of Algae Important part of plankton Called “phytoplankton” because perform photosynthesis Phytoplankton produces much of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere Food source for various organisms Provide habitats for many organisms

Importance of Algae Eutrophication: Red Algae Addition of nutrients causes rapid algal growth Algae sink to bottom and die Most of water’s oxygen is them consumed in breaking down algae and reduce availability for aquatic species Red Algae “nori” used for sushi

Fungus-like Protists Most are decomposers Protists rather than fungi because of chemical and structural differences Two main groups: Slime Molds Water Molds

Slime Molds http://thinkorthwim.com/2007/05/01/slime-mold-the-plant-that-can-solve-a-maze/ Youtube:

Water Molds Habitat: Some parasitic freshwater on decaying plants and animals Some parasitic E.g. Phytophthora (late blight of potatoes)

Ameba

Paramecium

Euglena

Diatoms