IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 28 March 11 DRILL Bring your protractor and compass to class Monday (you should always bring them to class) Study for Wednesday Quiz on fossil fuels http://www.palaestra.com/sun.gif

Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 QUIZ REVIEW Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels What are the fossil fuels? What makes them non-renewable? Explain the formation of Coal, Natural Gas, and Petroleum. What are the methods of extraction for fossil fuels? What are the three locations of natural gas? What are hydrocarbons? What is methane formula? What is mercaptan and why is it used?

Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 QUIZ REVIEW Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels Explain the operation of a seismic survey. Who are world top producers of natural gas? How are oil and natural gas transported? Why are fossil fuels processed prior to use? How is natural gas used in the home? What’s the difference between petroleum reservoirs and reserves? What geographic region has largest oil reserves?

Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 QUIZ REVIEW Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels What 2 countries have the largest oil reserves? How many gallons are in a barrel of oil? How is a barrel of oil broken down in terms of end use? Is crude oil always same color/viscosity? What is distillation? Which fossil fuel is processed by it? Continent consuming greatest per capita oil?

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nucleus of a heavy element (e.g. Uranium) splits when bombarded by a free neutron Two smaller atoms [usually Strontium (Sr) and Xenon (Xe)], 1-3 neutrons, plus energy Extra neutrons lead to chain reaction: http://www.worldofteaching.com/powerpointpresentations.html

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle Like coal, natural gas, and petroleum, Uranium (U) is an energy source that must be processed before use. Front End: preparing the fuel Service Period: using fuel in reactor Back End: safely manage, contain, reprocess/dispose of spent fuel http://www.uraniumsa.org/fuel_cycle/nfcycle.htm

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End Exploration: U is 500 times more abundant than gold Traces can be found everywhere – all rocks and soils, rivers and oceans, food and human tissue Mining and Milling: Mining – surface (strip) or underground mining Milling – grind up ore, use sulfuric acid to separate U from waste rock – “yellow cake” U3O8 Conversion: U must be converted into a gas before it can be enriched (uranium hexafluoride – UF6 ) http://www.uraniumsa.org/fuel_cycle/nfcycle.htm http://www.cna.ca/english/pdf/NuclearFacts/04-NuclearFacts-uranium.pdf

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End Uranium Ore UF6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_mining Yellow Cake

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_mining

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End Background Chemistry The number of protons are the atomic number. Uranium’s atomic number is 92 Atoms with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes – “same place” Isotope U-235 is the only fissile isotope found in nature http://www.uraniumsa.org/fuel_cycle/nfcycle.htm http://www.cna.ca/english/pdf/NuclearFacts/04-NuclearFacts-uranium.pdf

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End Enrichment: increase concentration of U-235 and remove 85% of U-238 Depleted Uranium: removed U-238, which includes .25% U-235, is used in metal to form yacht keels, radiation shielding, and (controversially) weapons as ammunition. http://www.uraniumsa.org/fuel_cycle/nfcycle.htm http://www.cna.ca/english/pdf/NuclearFacts/04-NuclearFacts-uranium.pdf Keel

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End Fuel Fabrication: UF6 converted to UO2 powder Powder converted to pellets Pellets stacked in tubes These are nuclear fuel rods Groups of rods make up fuel assembly Hundreds of assemblies make up reactor core http://www.uraniumsa.org/fuel_cycle/nfcycle.htm http://www.cna.ca/english/pdf/NuclearFacts/04-NuclearFacts-uranium.pdf

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Radioactivity Alpha particles Do not penetrate skin Harmful if inhaled/ingested Beta particles Damage living cells, permanent nucleic change Ovaries/testes – damage passed to future generations Gamma rays As damaging as X-ray Causes mutation / cancer http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/42355000/gif/_42355500_radiation_inf203.gif

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle Front End: preparing the fuel Exploration Mining and Milling Conversion Enrichment Fabrication Service Period: using fuel in reactor Back End: safely manage, contain, reprocess/dispose of spent fuel http://www.uraniumsa.org/fuel_cycle/nfcycle.htm

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period 27% Recycling http://www.uraniumsa.org/fuel_cycle/nfcycle.htm http://www.cna.ca/english/pdf/NuclearFacts/04-NuclearFacts-uranium.pdf

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period Electricity Generation Transport of radioactive materials In-core fuel management Old fuel rods must be changed periodically (1/3 at a time) Food and Agriculture FDA approved irradiation of food Kills bacteria, insects, and parasites http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_cycle http://www.nei.org/howitworks/foodandagriculture/ http://getsustainable.net/blogfiles/uploaded_images/Homer-768568.jpg http://www.reviss.com/RevissFiles/products/pdfs/Image/Food/Strawberries_small.JPG

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period Nuclear medicine – Imaging Most medical imaging is anatomical – deals only with structures Nuclear imaging shows physiological functioning of organs Radiotracer injected into blood, inhaled, or ingested “Gamma camera” detects energy given off (PET scan – Positron Emission Tomography) http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=gennuclear http://www.texascancerclinic.com/equipment/sami_petct.cfm

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period Nuclear weapons Only two known uses of nuclear weapons use – Hiroshima and Nagasaki during WW2 http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=gennuclear http://www.texascancerclinic.com/equipment/sami_petct.cfm “Little Boy” “Fat Man”

Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=gennuclear http://www.texascancerclinic.com/equipment/sami_petct.cfm

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle Front End: preparing the fuel Exploration Mining and Milling Conversion Enrichment Fabrication Service Period: using fuel in reactor Electricity, Medicine, Food and Agriculture, Military Back End: safely manage, contain, reprocess/dispose of spent fuel http://www.uraniumsa.org/fuel_cycle/nfcycle.htm

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End Two options for spent fuel: Interim storage and final disposal Reprocessing to recover usable portion Interim Storage: Used fuel assemblies: hot and highly radioactive Stored in special ponds usually near reactor site Water is radiation barrier and cools fuel http://www.world-nuclear.org/education/nfc.htm

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End Reprocessing Reprocessing separates U and Pu from waste products – chop up fuel rods and dissolve them in acid to separate materials U enrichment Spent fuel contains ~96% of original U U-235 reduced to 1% Therefore, send back to enrichment Plutonium (Pu) Spent fuel contains ~1% radioactive Pu Can be blended with enriched U for new fuel One of the most highly toxic elements known http://www.world-nuclear.org/education/nfc.htm

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End Waste Low-level waste – radioactive isotopes decay 10-50 years Material used to handle highly radioactive parts of reactor Cooling water pipes, radiation suits Waste from medical uses Processing nuclear fuel generates depleted uranium (DU) DU used as heavy metal High-level waste – radioactive isotopes decay >100,000 years Material from core of reactor/decommissioned weapons http://www.world-nuclear.org/education/nfc.htm

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End Waste Disposal Low-level waste – radioactive isotopes decay 10-50 years Temporary storage Standard disposal methods or reuse (heavy metal) High-level waste – radioactive isotopes decay >100,000 years Currently only short-term storage exists Geologic disposal. Requires: Absolutely stable geological formations Unprecedented stability of human institutions http://www.world-nuclear.org/education/nfc.htm

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End Waste Disposal High-level waste – radioactive isotopes decay >100,000 years Yucca Mountain 80 miles northwest of Las Vegas Only proposed site in U.S. for high-level waste storage 77,000 tons capacity http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/ym_repository/index.shtml http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucca_mountain

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End Waste Disposal High-level waste – radioactive isotopes decay >100,000 years Space Disposal Limited capacity on rockets Rocket malfunction is possible http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/ym_repository/index.shtml http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucca_mountain

Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear http://www.uraniumsa.org/fuel_cycle/nfcycle.htm http://www.cna.ca/english/pdf/NuclearFacts/04-NuclearFacts-uranium.pdf