Created by OSCAR team October 2011 ID template 4.7.1 Created by OSCAR team October 2011

Welcome 1 This is a document to explains the chosen concept to the animator. This will take you through a 5 section process to provide the necessary details to the animator before starting the animation. The legend on the left will indicate the current status of the document. The big Black coloured number will denote the current section, the Grey color would denote the completed sections, and the Turquoise color would denote the remaining sections. The slides having yellow background (like this one) are the 'Instruction slides' 2 3 4 5

Formation of single layer buckle fold Buckle fold is a process that can form when parallel layers are subjected to layer parallel compression. It depends on the viscosity contrast amongst the layers, the matrix, the competency contrast amongst the layers and the host rock (matrix). The layers should be more competent than that of the host rock. Related LOs: Prior Viewing: graduation level of fundamental of structural Geology Future Viewing: Course Name: Level(UG/PG):PG Author(s) :Arpita Roy Mentor(s):Prof. Soumyajit Mukherjee *The contents in this file are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 India license

Learning objectives 1 After interacting with this Learning Object, the learner will be able to: Demonstrate buckling of layers 2 3 4 5

1 Master layout or diagram 2 3 4 5 Make a schematic diagram of the concept Explain the animator about the beginning and ending of the process. Draw image big enough for explaining. In the image, identify and label different components of the process/phenomenon. (These are like characters in a film)‏ Illustrate the basic flow of action by using arrows. Use BOLD lines in the diagram (minimum 2pts.)‏ In the slide after that, provide the definitions of ALL the labels used in the diagram You may have multiple master layouts. In this case, number the master layout. (e.g. Master layout 1, 2, 3…)‏ 2 3 4 5

1 Master Layout 2 3 4 5 Fig. 1 Undeformed layer with inscribed circles Intermediate step of buckle fold formation Final step of tight buckle fold 4 Fig. 3 5 Final step of tight buckle fold

Keywords 1 Strain: Strain is a kind of deformation related with the displacement of particles in a considered rock body Homogeneous strain: “The state of strain is everywhere the same within the area or volume in question, meaning that the strain in the entire area or volume can be represented by a single strain ellipse or ellipsoid” (Fossen, 2010) 3) Competency contrast: Competency is resistance of layer to flow with respect to it’s adjacent layer 2 3 4 5

3 Stepwise description of process 1 2 4 5 The goal of the document is to provide instructions to an animator who is not a expert. You have to describe what steps the animator should take to make your concept come alive as a moving visualization. Use one slide per step. This will ensure clarity of the explanation. Add a image of the step in the box, and the details in the table below the box. You can use any images for reference, but mention about it's copyright status The animator will have to re-draw / re-create the drawings Add more slides as per the requirement of the animation 2 3 4 5

5 1 2 3 4 The stepwise description of the process 1) The aim of the process is to give instruction to an animator who is not an expert of Geology. 2) You have to give them all the steps what they should apply to get a visualization. 3) One slide per step is helpful to understand. 4) Must use images with their proper explanations. 5) The details should be given in boxes so that the animator would get the point well. 6) The animator should recreate the drawing 2 3 4 5

3 1 2 4 5 Step: 1 First step of buckling fold formation Host rock (matrix) Layer under consideration 2 Fig. 1 Undeformed layer with inscribed circles 3 Interactivity action Audio narration Text to be displayed 1) Show the initial stage of folding. It is shown by undeformed layer with inscribed circles 2) The duration for action play of this Fig. would be 0.5 sec 4 5

3 1 2 4 5 Step: 2 Initial stage of buckling fold formation Host rock (matrix) 2 Fig. 1 Undeformed layer with inscribed circles 3 Layer parallel compressional force Parallel layer has been folded Fig. 2 Intermediate stage of folding Transformation arrow Interactivity action Audio narration Text to be displayed 1) Whenever we will push the layer from both side, it gets folded like this manner (as shown in Fig. 2) 2) The duration for action play for Fig. 1 would be 0.5 sec and for Fig. 2 would be 1 sec 1) Viscosity contrast is required for buckling 2) The folded layer should be more competent than the host rock. Due to folding of the undeformed layer, the inscribed circles become a little bit elliptical in shape. 4 5

Step: 3 Final step of buckle fold formation 1 Host rock (matrix) 2 Fig. 2 Previously folded layer under compression 3 Layer parallel compressional force Transformation arrow Fig. 3 Tight buckle fold 4 Interactivity action Audio narration Text to be displayed 1) Again apply compressional force (pushing force): refer to Fig. 2 2) Fig. 3 is the result of it. 3) The duration for the action play of Fig. 3 is 1 sec. The folded layer is more competent than the host rock. The fold has become tight. 5

1 Animation design Please see the design template provided in the next slide. This is a sample template, and you are free to change as per your design requirements. Try and rename the tabs / buttons / sections / subsections as shown in the template. Use ‘callouts’ as shown above to explain the source of content. Ex: If the call out is placed at the Tab 01, and you want the content to be taken from slide 3 of this presentation, then place this callout on the Tab 01, and write ‘Slide 3’ inside the callout. 2 3 Slide 3 4 5

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Buckling fold formation Slide 3 Interactivity Introduction Tab 02 Tab 03 Tab 04 Tab 05 Tab 06 Tab 07 Buckling fold formation Interactivity area Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Button 01 Button 02 Button 03 Fig. 1 is under compression and results Fig. 2 (folded) and after pronounced compression, it converts to Fig. 3, which is more folded. Credits

Self- Assessment Questionnaire for Learners APPENDIX 1 Self- Assessment Questionnaire for Learners Please provide a set of questions that a user can answer based on the LO. They can be of the following types: These questions should be 5 in number and can be of objective type (like MCQ, Match the columns, Yes or No, Sequencing, Odd One Out). The questions can also be open-ended. The user would be asked to think about the question. The author is requested to provide hints if possible, but a full answer is not necessary. One can include questions, for which the user will need to interact with the LO (with certain parameters) in order to answer it. It is better to avoid questions based purely on recall.

Questionnaire: APPENDIX 1 1) Draw the sketch of the movement of the particle during single layer buckle folding. Hint: Rounded particles a) Rounded particle will become elliptical one b) The reverse is true, i.e. elliptical one c) None of these 2) What is the correct statement stands for buckle fold formation? a) The folded layer would be more competent than the host rock b) The folded layer would be less competent than the host rock c) There should not be any competency contrast Elliptical ones After compression rounded particle After compression

Questionnaire: 3) Buckling fold involves a) Layer parallel extension b) Layer parallel shortening c) Both of these d) None of these 4) What is the angular relation between the maximum strain axis and the direction of compression? a) 0º b) 45⁰ c) 90⁰ d) None of these above

Links for further reading APPENDIX 2 Links for further reading In the next slide, provide some reference reading material for the users. It could be books, reference publications, or website URLs.

Links for further reading APPENDIX 2 Links for further reading Books: 1) Fossen, H., 2010. Structural Geology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 170-171 2) Twiss, R.J., Moores E.M., 2007. Structural Geology. W.H. Freeman And Company, New York. pp. 561-563 3) Ghosh, S.K., 1993. Structural Geology. Pergamon Press, Oxford. pp. 251-264

APPENDIX 3 Summary Please provide points to remember to understand the concept/ key terms of the animation, in the next slide. The summary will help the user in the quick review of the concept.

APPENDIX 3 Summary 1 Single layer buckle fold mainly forms due to layer parallel compressional force. In this type of fold, the hinges are rounded. The ratio of arc length to wavelength would remain same for this fold. Single layer folds generally observed in calcite veins, pegmatite veins in granitic terrains. 2 3 Single layer buckle fold Single layer buckle fold 4 5