Starter… RECAP Define the term ‘parentocracy’ mean? Outline the problems with league tables? Outline the funding formula What did the institute for Public Policy Research (2012) find?

Coalition policies and inequality Learning objectives: Know the main features of important educational policies including: Tripartite system Comprehensivisation Marketisation Privatisation Globalisation Policies relating to gender and ethnicity

Coalition government policies from 2010 Move away from comprehensive schools run by local authorities New policies based on New Right ideas about reducing the role of the state in the provision of education through marketization and privatisation David Cameron: aim of coalition's education policy was to encourage ‘competition and innovation’ Cuts were made to the education budget, as part of the government’s general policy of reducing state spending.

Coalition policies and inequality – AO1 Two policies are reducing inequality Free school meals Pupil premium Use page 82 to complete your booklet– what are these polices and how have they created more equality to working-class pupils.

AO3 how have coalition policies caused problems AO3 how have coalition policies caused problems? Does it legitimise inequality? Pg. 82

Privatisation of education Definition: “the transfer of industries or services previously owned by the state (public sector) to ownership by private businesses (private sector), who run them to make a profit e.g. the privatisation of parts of the education system. Such as the building and running of schools”

Discuss….How are schools like private companies? Private companies provide the following: Building schools Providing supply teachers Work-based learning Careers advice Ofsted inspections Even running entire educational authorities.

Use the handout to complete page 10 of your booklet Independent work Use the handout to complete page 10 of your booklet

Advantages/disadvantages of privatisation? More business-like and efficient schools, more efficiency due to a successful business running the school More choice for parents – a range of school providers offers more choice for parents the profit-motive may encourage private companies to provide schools and improve ‘failing’ schools in areas where education is of poor quality. This can only be achieved by attracting pupils by high standards and good results compared to competing schools.

Advantages/disadvantages of privatisation? Money may be drained from the education system. Private providers may not reinvest profits in education, taking public money out of the education system into private-sector profits. Cherry picking – profit-making companies may just try to cherry-pick what they regard as the best schools, which will make the most money Equality of educational opportunities – making money may override the needs of children, money making companies may exclude the hardest-to-teach pupils, reducing their educational opportunities. Schools remain in a competition against each other, meaning making money may be more important than individual students’ progress and opportunities.

Private education: the independent schools What is an independent school? How is it different from a comprehensive or academy? Are independent schools better? Do they provide a better education?

An independent school… Think about the language that is used… (restricted/elaborated?) What are the selling points of attending an independent school? What other selling points are there of the school? Does the school reflect ‘real life’?

What are independent schools? 7% of the school populated have opted out of the education market and attend a fee-paying private sector of education – independent schools. Wide diversity of schools in the independent sector, some are so small they may be seen as ‘better thought of as parents home schooling their children’ Meditation, Buddhism, religious sector Many of these schools start up because of parents expressing their choice of school…

Do independent schools lead to elite careers? Not necessarily, some of the most prestigious independent schools are associated with elite careers but not all of them (Eton etc...) Eton college has education 19 prime ministers http://www.etoncollege.com/ How much do you think it costs to go to Eton for a year? £71,400!! Per year!

Are you for or against public schools? Debate… Are you for or against public schools?

The case for independent schools… Smaller class sizes, better facilities, better teachers. The Sutton trust found that independent school pupils are 7 times as likely as schools in comprehensive schools to be accepted into Oxford and Cambridge. Children have a much better chance at going to university, and particularly top uni’s like oxford and Cambridge. Due to the schools being selective, through entrance exams, the average ability of students tends to be higher than in a state school, helping to maintain high academic standards. People have the right to spend their money As they wish, Improving their child's life Chances through choosing for their children To be educated outside the state education System. Teachers salaries tend to be better, attracting better-qualified and more experienced teachers than the state sector

The case against independent schools… People don’t have the money to purchase private education for their children, why should the well-off be given even more advantages than the poor? Most independent schools still get given donations and tax subsidies to help those in poverty or need, however this is used to help wealthy parents with their tax bills. The taxpayer pays the cost of training teachers in independent schools, since they attend state-run universities and colleges. Quality of teaching in independent schools is no better than state-run comprehensives. Students who attend independent schools actually do worse in exams. However, it is the name alone that helps them to get a better job, not actually working hard (meritocracy)

Globalisation and educational policy Define globalisation… “Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange. Globalisation has increased the production of goods and services. The biggest companies are no longer national firms but multinational corporations with subsidiaries in many countries.”

International comparisons Huge range of international data available on all aspects of education for example, how international student achievement surveys which compare the educational performance of a range of countries. PISA (programme for International Student Assessment) http://www.oecd.org/pisa/aboutpisa/pisa- 2012-participants.htm

International comparisons - PISA

International data TIMSS – Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study PIRLS – Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Such surveys/data influence educational policies in many countries, they result in reassessments of existing policies to see whether they are working effectively, and formation of new policies However, they can lead to moral panics and problems using international policies in British schools.

Examples of policies implemented as a result of international comparisons… The national literacy and numeracy strategies – imposed on every primary school in England a requirement to teach two hours of literacy and numeracy a day. Slimming down the national curriculum – ‘essential knowledge’ in English, maths and science and some other subjects. Raising the academic entry requirements for trainee teachers from 2012 – derived from comparisons in Finland who are world leaders in education.

Evaluation of international comparisons – AO3 Strengths limitations + Useful to see whether education spending matches educational achievement. UK average spend is a lot more than other countries, yet it performs less well than other countries + useful for benchmarking (comparing) standards internationally + provide evidence for policy makers from other countries, what works and what doesn't. TIMSS, PISA & PIRLS tests are based on a very narrow conception of education, these measures are focusing on a view that education is only for economic benefit Test results don’t necessarily mean that the education received by students is better or worse in different counties, there are concerns with the reliability and validity of the tests. There are external factors that teachers/schools are unable to control.

Check your understanding Complete questions 4-8 on page 85…

Answers 4. Supporters of an education market believe it raises standards by making schools compete for ‘customers’ (parents and pupils) who can choose between them. To attract customers, schools have to be able to offer good quality education/exam success. 5. Any two of the following:  Reducing direct state control over education  Parental choice of school  Schools having to compete to attract pupils  Creating academies  Publication of league tables and Ofsted inspection reports  Business sponsorship of schools  Open enrolment  Specialist schools  Formula funding  Schools being allowed to opt out of local authority control  Introduction of tuition fees for higher education  Allowing parents and others to set up free schools

Answers 6. Private companies can profit from: building schools; providing supply teachers; providing work-based learning/careers advice/Ofsted inspection services; running local education authorities; selling contracts for educational services in the UK to overseas companies; exporting UK education policy to other countries and providing the services to deliver the policies. 7. Education policies that encourage minority ethnic pupils to assimilate into mainstream British culture, e.g. by learning to speak English. 8. Any two of the following: it wrongly believes that black pupils fail because of lack of self-esteem; it is tokenism; it picks out stereotypical features of minority cultures for inclusion in the curriculum; it fails to tackle institutional racism; it perpetuates cultural divisions rather than promoting a shared national culture and identity.

Policies on gender and ethnicity… Complete the mind map on page 15 using page 94 of the textbook.

Question - 2013 “0 2 Identify three government policies that may have reduced social class differences in educational achievement. (6 marks)”

Question – 2013 MS