3/30 Practice Questions 1. You are effected with a mutation that distorts your body’s ability to produce villi. Explain the effect of this mutation on your digestive system. 2. The molar concentration of a sugar solution in an open beaker has been determine to be 0.3M. Calculate the solution potential at 27 degrees Celsius. Round your answer to the nearest tenths. 3. Distinguish between DNA and RNA with regard to chemical composition, nucleotides included in each, location in the cell, and function.

3/30 Practice Questions 1. You are effected with a mutation that distorts your body’s ability to produce villi. Explain the effect of this mutation on your digestive system. If your villi is absent, your small intestine would be inefficient at absorbing nutrients.

3/30 Practice Questions 2. The molar concentration of a sugar solution in an open beaker has been determine to be 0.3M. Calculate the solution potential at 27 degrees Celsius. Round your answer to the nearest tenths.

3/30 Practice Questions 3. Distinguish between DNA and RNA with regard to chemical composition, nucleotides included in each, location in the cell, and function. DNA RNA Double stranded Single stranded A,T,C, and G A,U,C, and G Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar Nucleus Nucleus and cytoplasm Genetic information mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

3/30 Objective Homeostatic control systems in species of microbes, plants, and animals support common ancestry.

Page 101 Circulatory System

Circulatory systems in fish, amphibians, and mammals

Recap: Every organism must exchange material with its environment Organisms exist in an _____________ environment What are we exchanging??? (hint: materials) CO2, O2, waste, and nutrients AQUEOUS

Do we have it? 1. The interstitial fluid of vertebrates: a. is the internal environment within cells b. bathes cells and provides for the exchange of nutrients and wastes c. makes up the plasma of blood d. surrounds unicellular and flat, thin animals

For example: The gills of a salmon (structure relating to function) Capillaries lie close to the surface to allow for effective diffusion External structure Issue??

Ineffectiveness of Diffusion The movement of molecules from high to low concentration Passive transport Only works across small distances like across the cell membrane For longer distances (across the body), diffusion is ineffective The complex human body relies on structures (organs) for transport

Key Point #1: Key Point #1: The circulatory system functionally connects the aqueous environment of the body cells to the organs that exchange gases, absorb nutrients and dispose of wastes Remember respiratory system??

Hydras and Jelly Fishes Lack a “true” circulatory system Gastrovascular cavity serves as digestive AND circulation system

Open and Closed Circulation Systems To overcome the diffusion limitation, organisms consist of either open or closed circulation systems. Key Point #2: Both open and closed systems share the following characteristics: blood, blood vessels, and a heart.

Open System Key Point #3: Open System- Blood and Interstitial fluid is NOT separated Common in: insects, arthropods, and mollusks

Closed System Key Point #4: Closed system- Blood is confined to vessels and IS separated from the interstitial fluid Heart pumps blood through vessels then materials are exchange AT organs Common in: vertebrates, earthworms, squids, and octopuses

Evolution Advantages OPEN CLOSED Decrease cost (energy) to support body More effective at transport in large and active organisms The need for O2 increases The fact that both exist is evidence of evolution advantage depending on the type of environment you live in

Closed Circulatory System Key players: Heart: 2 atrium and 2 ventricles Blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries Function of capillaries: EXCHANGE! Keeping it all straight: To heart or away from heart Arteries carry blood AWAY from heart VeINs carry blood INTO heart

Evolution Slight differences in closed systems of different organisms are evidence of natural selection Complex animals= complex systems

Fish Blood trace: Ventricle->artery->capillaries (exchange)->body->capillaries->veins->atrium Key Point #5: Fish- The double capillaries slow down the O2 delivery throughout the body Single circulation- low pressure

Amphibians Blood trace: Ventricle->lungs & skin capillaries->left atrium->body->right atrium Key Point #6: Amphibians- 3 chambered heart Double circulation- vigorous flow of blood

Mammals Key Point #7: Mammals- 4 chambered heart Left side: O2 rich Right side: O2 poor Prevents mixing of oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood

Mammals Endotherms require A LOT of energy! This means A LOT of O2 delivery The heart is an essential muscle to pump blood throughout the blood The blood carries the O2, CO2, and nutrients throughout the body *This is an example of convergent evolution*

Double Circulation

James, Joe, and Paul: Watch the following video on the circulatory system http://www.bozemanscience.com/circulatory-system Watch this video on a potential lab on the circulatory system. As you watch the video, take notes on the lab and how you will be able to use the information as a potential essay topic. Show me the notes on the lab for your daily grade. http://www.bozemanscience.com/ap-bio-lab-10-physiology-of-the-circulatory-system

Homework: read and outline page 869, 870,and 871 Tuesday HW: read and outline page 922 and 939 on osmoregulation