The Immediate Event that Led to War … * Could this have been prevented? Gavrilo Princip June 28, 1914 – assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

** Misperceptions about what would become WWI - Nature of war itself … - Nature of the fighting …

M.A.I.N. - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRcg_t2oJkc * Militarism * Alliances * Imperialism * Nationalism Militarism - Build-up military strength leads to rivalries … Alliance System - Two major alliances dominated Europe … Imperialism - Competition for colonies Nationalism - Devotion to the nation, devotion to one’s common ethnic group

Effect of Nationalism – groups of people, “nationalities” desiring “self-determination” or the idea that people who share a national identity should have their own country and government.

Nationalism “The first, original, and truly natural boundaries of states are beyond doubt their internal boundaries. Those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds by nature herself, long before any human art begins; they understand each other and have the power of continuing to make themselves understood more and more clearly; they belong together and are by nature one and an inseparable whole.” - Johann Gottlieb Fichte

The Balkans Present-day Slavic people are classified Into West Slavic (chiefly Poles, Czechs and Slovaks), East Slavic (chiefly Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians), and And South Slavic (chiefly Bosnians, Serbs, Croats, Bulgarians, Macedonians, Montenegrins, and Slovenes).

- The “Sick Man of Europe” - Ottoman Empire - Balance of Power - Crisis in the Balkans Situation in Europe, 1900

The Ottoman Empire - Europe before 1900 - The “Sick Man of Europe” - Lost a series of wars, throughout 1800’s & early 1900’s - Write: Creates a power vacuum, encouraging nationalities to gain independence

- The “Sick Man of Europe” - Balance of Power - Crisis in the Balkans Situation in Europe, 1900

Europe, 1815 ** Notice the Germanic States!! ** Notice Italy is not Unified

German Unification, under “Prussia” – The “German Reich” Otto Von Bismarck, German Chancellor Fights Wars / “Iron and Blood” … 1864: Danish-Prussian War 1866: Austro-Prussian War – creates “North German Confederation 1871: Franco-Prussian War – gains Bavaria, Baden, & Wurttemburg By 1900 would come to economically and culturally dominate Europe …

Europe, 1871

German Unification, under “Prussia” – The “German Reich” Write: Germany unifies, and France and Great Britain become uncomfortable about the changing “Balance of Power,” so they form an alliance.

Alliances Triple Entente – Great Britain, France, and Russia Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

- The “Sick Man of Europe” - Balance of Power - Crisis in the Balkans Situation in Europe, 1900

Nationalist Movements Effect of Nationalism – groups of people, “nationalities” desiring “self-determination” or the idea that people who share a national identity should have their own country and government Nationalist Movements - 1804 - 15, Serbian Revolution - 1821 - 29, Greek War of Independence 1848, Nationalist revolts in Hungary, Italy, and Germany - 1859 - 61, Italy becomes unified - 1866 - 71, Germany becomes unified 1878, Congress of Berlin declares Serbia independent 1903 - 08, Macedonian struggles for independence 1908, Bulgaria becomes independent 1912, Albania becomes independent

Ottoman Empire - Europe before 1900

Nationalities in Austro- Hungarian Empire * What’s happening in Austria-Hungary?

Nationalities of the Dual Monarchy, 1910 ** Population Austria Hungary - Germans (***) 9,950,000 2,037,000 - Czechs 6,436,000 - - Poles 4,968,000 - - Romanians (***) 275,000 2,949,000 - Ruthenians 3,519,000 473,000 - Serbs & Croats 783,000 2,939,000 - Italians (***) 768,000 - - Slovenes 1,253,000 - - Slovaks - 1,968,000 - Magyars (***) - 9,945,000

Nationalities in Austro- Hungarian Empire * What’s happening in Austria-Hungary? - Write: It is an ethnically diverse empire, in which many “nationalities” have difficult lives.

Europe, 1912 - Balkan Wars, 1912-13 - “Balkan League” – Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, & Serbia vs. Ottoman Empire ** Write: - The Ottoman Empire loses land in the Balkan Peninsula And - Serbia becomes stronger and advocates Slavic nationalism; becoming a state-sponsor or terrorism.

The Situation in Russia Write: - Pre-1914, 80% of Russian population is peasantry or “muzhiki”; and there is a lot of internal tension in Russia. And: - Politically, Russia needed to protect the Black Sea.

Competition in the Balkans Peninsula for “Influence”

Generalizations, Pre-1914 Dying Ottoman-Turk Empire … Weakening Austro-Hungarian Empire … Austria & Russia wanting more influence in the Balkans … Nationalism motivating smaller ethnic groups within the Balkans …

The Immediate Event that Led to War … * Could this have been prevented? Gavrilo Princip June 28, 1914 – assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Austria-Hungary Ultimatum ** What was Austria-Hungary thinking? ** July 23, 1914 Austria-Hungary Ultimatum (1) Suppress all publications which "incite hatred and contempt of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy” and eliminate from school textbooks and public documents all "propaganda against Austria-Hungary." (2) Bring to trial all accessories to the Archduke's assassination and allow "Austro-Hungarian delegates" (law enforcement officers) to take part in the investigations. (3) Cease the "traffic in arms and explosives across the frontier.”

The July Crisis Write: July 6 – Germany gives “blank check” Write: July 23 – Ultimatum to Serbia July 24 – Sir Edward Grey implores Germany, France, Italy, & Great Britain to take caution Write: July 24 – Russia says to Serbia to “not accept terms” & mobilizes army Write: July 28 – Austria-Hungary does not accept Serbia’s response & declares war

Declarations of War