AP Biology Ecology Basics

Transpiration at the stomata in plants

Water and Hydrogen bonds due to polarity

Ecology on a small scale

Ecology on a global scale

Zebra Mussels

Kudzu

Fire Ants

Fire Ant Migration from Mobile

Fire Ant Bites

African “killer” Bees

Hadley Model

Rain and mountains

Rain Shadow effect

Thermoclines in ponds and lakes

Water and Aquatic Biomes AP Biology Water and Aquatic Biomes

Aquatic Biomes

Ocean terminology

Fresh Water terminology

Oligiotrophic Lake

Eutrophic Lake

Stream Headwaters

Midstream

Estuary

Swamp

Marsh

Marine Biomes

Coral Reefs of the World(purple areas)

Coral Reef

Open Ocean

Transition to Land Biomes AP Biology Transition to Land Biomes

Hadley Cell Model

Meristematic Tissues

Darwin’s experiment on Phototropism

Phytochrome activation

Signal Transduction Response

Long night plants

Short night plants

Transpiration

Guard Cell operation

Amino Acid structure (Remove the amine on the left)

Nitrogenous Waste forms

Countercurrent Heat Exchange Canada goose Pacific bottlenose dolphin Blood flow Artery Vein Vein Artery 35°C 33° 30° 27° 20° 18° 10° 9°

Internal body temperature Temperature control Thermostat in hypothalamus activates cooling mechanisms. Sweat glands secrete sweat that evaporates, cooling the body. Blood vessels in skin dilate: capillaries fill with warm blood; heat radiates from skin surface. Increased body temperature (such as when exercising or in hot surroundings) Body temperature decreases; thermostat shuts off cooling mechanisms. Homeostasis: Internal body temperature of approximately 36–38°C Body temperature increases; thermostat shuts off warming mechanisms. Decreased body temperature (such as when in cold surroundings) Blood vessels in skin constrict, diverting blood from skin to deeper tissues and reducing heat loss from skin surface. Thermostat in hypothalamus activates warming mechanisms. Skeletal muscles rapidly contract, causing shivering, which generates heat.

Gas Exchange in Many Forms… one-celled amphibians echinoderms insects fish mammals endotherm vs. ectotherm size cilia water vs. land • Endotherms have larger surface area of respiratory surfaces because of their increased metabolic demands. Gills, trachea, lungs

Behavioral Ecology Part 1 AP Biology Behavioral Ecology Part 1

Babies Crying

Barking

Jane Goodall & Ethology

Fixed Action Potential

Cardinals

Baby Hand Grasping

Average number of drops Foraging Theory 125 60 50 100 40  Average number of drops Average number of drops 30 75 Total flight height (number of drops drop height in m) Total flight height 20 Drop height preferred by crows = 5.23 m 50 10 25 2 3 5 7 15 Height of drop (m)

Behavioral Ecology Part 2 AP Biology Behavioral Ecology Part 2

Learning

Habits Good or Bad

Imprinting

Imprinting

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Play

Play made perfect

Problem Solving

Landmarking Nest No nest Nest

Migration

Behavioral Ecology Part 3 AP Biology Behavioral Ecology Part 3

Cooperative Behavior Hershey and Chase Experiment

Agonistic Behavior

Pecking Order

Territoriality

Courtship

Altruism

Population Ecology Part 1 AP Biology Population Ecology Part 1

Population

Human Population on Earth

Dispersal Patterns

Demography Terminology Births Immigration Population size Emigration Deaths

Life Tables and Cohorts

Survivorship Curves

Population Ecology Part 2 AP Biology Population Ecology Part 2

Expression of DNA to create traits

DNA Inherited

Century Plant

Exponential “Ideal” Growth

Elephant population 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 Year Exponential Growth 8,000 6,000 Elephant population 4,000 2,000 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 Year

Hawaii millions of years ago

Pioneer species begin to colonize (lichens and mosses)

Then over time, grasses begin to grow.

Then over time, shrubs will appear and they will be followed by trees.

Hawaii today

Intrinsic Growth

Logistic Growth

Logistic “realistic” growth

Allee affect and the Extinction Vortex Small population Genetic drift Inbreeding Lower reproduction Higher mortality Loss of genetic variability Reduction in individual fitness and population adaptability Smaller population

Population Ecology Part 3 AP Biology Population Ecology Part 3

Boom Bust Cycles

Snowshoe Hare and Lynx

Human Growth on Earth

Age Pyramids Rapid growth Afghanistan Slow growth United States Decrease Italy Male Female Age Male Female Age Male Female 85+ 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 85+ 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 0–4 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 0–4 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 Percent of population Percent of population Percent of population

Community Ecology Part 1 AP Biology Community Ecology Part 1

Community

Community

Competition and also predation

Herbivory (This is also predation.)

Parasitism Ectoparasite

Parasitism Endoparasite (Tapeworm)

Cryptic Coloration (Can you see the bird?)

Aposematic Coloration

Batesian Mimicry (Catapillar and snake)

Up Close

Mullerian mimicry (Cuckoo bee and yellow jacket)

Mutualism

Commensalism

Community Ecology Part 1 AP Biology Community Ecology Part 1

Community

Community

Competition and also predation

Herbivory (This is also predation.)

Parasitism Ectoparasite

Parasitism Endoparasite (Tapeworm)

Cryptic Coloration (Can you see the bird?)

Aposematic Coloration

Batesian Mimicry (Catapillar and snake)

Up Close

Mullerian mimicry (Cuckoo bee and yellow jacket)

Mutualism

Commensalism

Ecosystems Ecology Part 1 AP Biology Ecosystems Ecology Part 1

Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling Tertiary consumers Microorganisms and other detritivores Secondary consumers Primary consumers Detritus Primary producers Heat Key Chemical cycling Sun Energy flow

10% Rule of Energy

Net Primary Productivity Open ocean Continental shelf 65.0 125 24.4 5.2 360 5.6 Estuary Algal beds and reefs 0.3 0.1 1,500 1.2 2,500 0.9 Upwelling zones Extreme desert, rock, sand, ice 500 0.1 4.7 3.0 0.04 Desert and semidesert scrub Tropical rain forest 3.5 90 0.9 3.3 2,200 22 Savanna Cultivated land 2.9 900 7.9 2.7 600 9.1 Boreal forest (taiga) Temperate grassland 2.4 800 9.6 1.8 600 5.4 Woodland and shrubland Tundra 1.7 700 3.5 1.6 140 0.6 Tropical seasonal forest 1.5 1,600 7.1 Temperate deciduous forest Temperate evergreen forest 1.3 1,200 4.9 1.0 1,300 3.8 Swamp and marsh Lake and stream 0.4 2,000 2.3 250 0.3 10 20 30 40 50 60 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 5 10 15 20 25 Key Percentage of Earth’s surface area Average net primary production (g/m2/yr) Percentage of Earth’s net primary production Marine Terrestrial Freshwater (on continents)

Productivity of the Earth (Based on Chlorophyll Density)

Eutrophication

Rachel Carson

Production Efficiency Plant material eaten by caterpillar 200 J 67 J Cellular respiration 100 J Feces 33 J Growth (new biomass)

Pyramids of Energy Production

Pyramids of Numbers (Think about how much each consumer eats over its lifetime.)

bog at Silver Springs, Florida. Biomass Pyramids Trophic level Dry weight (g/m2) Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Primary producers 1.5 11 37 809 Most biomass pyramids show a sharp decrease in biomass at successively higher trophic levels, as illustrated by data from a bog at Silver Springs, Florida.

Aquatic Biomass Pyramids Trophic level Dry weight (g/m2) Primary consumers (zooplankton) Primary producers (phytoplankton) 21 4 In some aquatic ecosystems, such as the English Channel, a small standing crop of primary producers (phytoplankton) supports a larger standing crop of primary consumers (zooplankton).

Pyramids of Numbers

Ecosystems Ecology Part 2 AP Biology Ecosystems Ecology Part 2

Water Cycle Transport over land Solar energy Net movement of water vapor by wind Precipitation over land Precipitation over ocean Evaporation from ocean Evapotranspiration from land Percolation through soil Runoff and groundwater

Carbon Cycle Higher-level consumers Primary consumers Carbon compounds CO2 in atmosphere Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Burning of fossil fuels and wood Higher-level consumers Primary consumers Carbon compounds in water Detritus Decomposition

Nitrogen Cycle N2 in atmosphere Denitrifying bacteria Nitrogen-fixing Assimilation Denitrifying bacteria NO3– Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumes Decomposers Nitrifying bacteria Ammonification Nitrification NH3 NH4+ NO2– Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria Nitrifying bacteria

Phosphorus Cycle Rain Geologic uplift Weathering of rocks Plants Runoff Consumption Sedimentation Plant uptake of PO43– Soil Leaching Decomposition

Harvesting

Ecosystems Ecology Part 3 AP Biology Ecosystems Ecology Part 3

Harvesting

Sources for Acid Precipitation

Past Acid Rain pH measurements

Effects of Acid Precipitation

Biomagnification Herring gull eggs 124 ppm Lake trout 4.83 ppm Concentration of PCBs Smelt 1.04 ppm Zooplankton 0.123 ppm Phytoplankton 0.025 ppm

Rachel Carson

Rising CO2 and rising temperature

CFC and Ozone depletion Chlorine from CFCs interacts with ozone (O3), forming chlorine monoxide (CIO) and oxygen (O2). Chlorine atoms O2 Chlorine O3 CIO O2 Sunlight causes Cl2O2 to break down into O2 and free chlorine atoms. The chlorine atoms can begin the cycle again. CIO Cl2O2 Two CIO molecules react, forming chlorine peroxide (Cl2O2). Sunlight

Ozone hole over Antarctica in dark blue

Ozone Hole Size over time October 1979 October 2000

Melting Antarctic Ice