By: Mr. Freccia Newark High School, Newark, DE 1914-1918: The World at War By: Mr. Freccia Newark High School, Newark, DE

Differing Viewpoints “Family Feud” “Fall of the Eagles” “The War to End All Wars” “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”

Causes of the War

1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Central Powers:

Victor Emmanuel II [It] The Major Players: 1914-17 Allied Powers: Central Powers: Nicholas II [Rus] Wilhelm II [Ger] George V [Br] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Enver Pasha [Turkey] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Franz Josef [A-H]

1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures 2. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914 94 130 154 268 289 398 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France 10% Britain 13% Russia 39% Germany 73%

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries Green = Triple Entente / Orange = Central Powers / Gray = Neutral

4. Aggressive Nationalism

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

The “Spark”

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip

Who’s To Blame?

Help, Help, Help!

Help, Help, Help! – The road to World War I Step 1: The “Black Hand” (Serbian Nationalists) assassinates the crown prince of Austria-Hungary Step 2: Austria-Hungary blames Serbia for terrorist action / declares war

Step 3: Serbia (help, help, help!) brings in Russia thru alliance Step 4: Austria-Hungary (help, help, help!) brings in Germany thru alliance Step 5: Because Germany is now at war with Russia, France comes to the aide of Russia (as per treaty)

Step 6: The Schlieffen Plan – Germany attacks France thru Belgium (violating their neutrality)

German Atrocities in Belgium The road to World War I Step 7: United Kingdom declares war on Germany for violating Belgium’s neutrality German Atrocities in Belgium

Step 8: Japan declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary Step 9: Ottomans declare war against distracted Russia, joins Central Powers Step 10: Bulgaria attacks Serbia with Central Powers in October 1914

Mobilization Home by Christmas! No major war in 50 years! Nationalism! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!

Recruitment Posters

A Young Australian Recruit

Recruits of the Central Powers A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother Austro-Hungarians

New French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

The Sides

Women and the War Effort

Financing the War

For Recruitment

Munitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers

Spies “Mata Hari” Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle German Spy!

Posters: Wartime Propaganda

Australian Poster

American Poster

Financing the War

German Poster

The Western Front: A “War of Attrition”

A Multi-Front War

The Western Front

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”

Verdun – February, 1916 German offensive. Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in War

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

The Eastern Front

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19

America Joins the Allies

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Yanks Are Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

French Renault Tank

British Tank at Ypres

U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

“Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917 The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg.

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The Zeppelin

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

Poison Gas Machine Gun

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

9,000,000 Dead

The Somme American Cemetery, France 116,516 Americans Died

World War I Casualties

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!