UBBL 6TH SCHEDULE PRINCIPLE and CALCULATIONS in DESIGN APPLICATION AR CHEE SOO TENG FPAM MIFE MIArb PJBomba Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia

INTRODUCTION - 1 Sixth Schedule – By-Laws 142-146 seek to establish a safe separation between buildings from fire risk standpoint Buildings can be within same site or on different sites Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

BACKGROUND GREAT FIRE OF LONDON and SIMILAR FIRES OF MANY WOODEN BUILDINGS BUILT WITHOUT ADEQUATE SEPARATION OR FIRE RESISTANCE RESULTED IN LAWS REQUIRING SEPARATION OF BUILDINGS TO PREVENT CATASTROPHIC FIRES DESTROYING WHOLE CITY BLOCKS OR PARTS OF TOWN Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

Essence of Sixth Schedule Great Fire of London 1666

Essence of Sixth Schedule Great Fire of London 1666

Essence of Sixth Schedule Great Fire of London 1666

SIXTH SCHEDULE Objective is to establish a safe distance between buildings so that radiant heat in the event of a fire does not represent a source of ignition to neighbouring buildings. External walls or claddings serve to restrict the outward spread of fire to an adjacent building. External walls also offer protection by resisting fire or radiant heat source from outside. Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

Essence of Sixth Schedule

Radiant Heat or Thermal Radiation Radiant Heat is magnetic wave energy same as light except in different spectrum Radiant Heat is unidirectional and NOT transferred via convection or conduction- a person near a raging bonfire feels radiant heating from the fire, even if the surrounding air is below freezing Temperature Loss over distance follows the Inverse Square Law

Light intensity proportional to one over distance squared. The Inverse Square Law Light intensity proportional to one over distance squared.

Radiant Heat Over Distance Inverse Square Rule Temperature Distance

Rate of Radiant Heat Loss Inversely Proportional To Distance

Temperature of Flame Brownish – 500-550degC Bright Red – 850-950degC Yellowish – 1050-1150degC White – 1250-1400degC Blue - > 2500degC

SIXTH SCHEDULE External openings can be radiant heat source Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

Area of unprotected opening vs distance from Relevant boundary Larger areas = larger fuel load = higher temperature = further setback

Essence of Sixth Schedule

SIXTH SCHEDULE External openings can be radiant heat source Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE By-law 142 (2) – Subject to the provisions relating to small garages and open car parks, any side of a building shall comply with any relevant requirements relating to the permitted limits of unprotected areas specified in the Sixth Schedule to these By- laws unless it is so situated that such side might consist entirely of any unprotected area. Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE By-law 142 (3) – Any external wall which constitutes, or is situated within a distance of 1 metre from any point on the relevant boundary or is a wall of a building which exceeds 15 metres in height shall – (a) be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials apart from any external cladding which complies with By-law 144 (Cladding on ext wall) or any internal lining which complies with these By-laws; and (b) be so constructed as to attain any FRP required by this Part without assistance from any combustible material permitted by this Part - Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE By-law 142 (2) – Subject to the provisions relating to small garages and open car parks, any side of a building shall comply with any relevant requirements relating to the permitted limits of unprotected areas specified in the Sixth Schedule to these By- laws unless it is so situated that such side might consist entirely of any unprotected area. By-Law 144(2) Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE By-Law 142(3)(b) cont’d Requirements of this Part shall not apply to :- an external wall of a building which is within the limits of size indicated by the letter “x” in Part 1 of the ninth schedule to these By-laws or an external wall of a building which is not divided into compartments and is within the limits of size indicated by the letter “z’ in Part 2 of the Ninth schedule if, in either case, that building does not exceed 18 metres in height; and An external wall of a building or part of Purpose Group III which consists of flats or maisonettes if that building has not more than three storeys or that part is separated as described in By-law 135 and does not exceed 18 metres in height. Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE Shall not apply to an external wall which is “within the limits of size indicated by the letter “x” in Part 1 of the Ninth schedule to these By-laws” Ninth Schedule – Limits of Compartments and Minimum Periods of Fire Resistance for Elements of Structure Part I – Applies to Bldgs other than Single Storey Bldgs “x” The Items as marked are applicable only to buildings, not to compartments, except in relation to Purpose Group III (Othr Resid), see also para 3(a) By-law 142 and para (1) of By-law 147 Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE NINTH SCHEDULE “x” ITEMS Purpose Grp I – Small residential not more than 3 storeys or having 4 storeys but less than 250 sq m Purpose Grp III – Other residential not more than 2 storeys and not exceeding 500 sq m Purpose Grp IV – Office not exceeding 7.5 metres ht and not exceeding 250 sq m Purpose Grp V – Shop not exceeding 7.5 metres height and not exceeding 1150 sq m Purpose Grp VI – Factory not exceeding 7.5 metres ht and not exceeding 250 sq m Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE Purpose Grp VII –Assembly not exceeding 7.5 metres ht and not exceeding 250 sq m Purpose Grp VIII – Storage and General not exceeding 7.5 metres height and not exceeding 150 sq m Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE Shall not apply to ” an external wall of a building which is not divided into compartments and is within the limits of size indicated by the letter “z’ in Part 2 of the Ninth schedule if, in either case, that building does not exceed 18 metres in height; “ Part 2 of Ninth schedule deals with Single Storey Buildings Only Purpose Grp I – Small Residential – no limits Purpose Grp II – Institutional –max flr area 3000 sq m Purpose Grp III – Other Residential – max flr area 3000 sq m Purpose Grp IV – Office –max flr area 3000 sq m Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE Purpose Grp V – Shop –max flr area 2000 sq m Purpose Grp VI – Factory – max flr area 2000 sq m Purpose Grp VII - Assembly – max flr area 3000 sq m Purpose Grp VIII – Storage and general –max flr area 500 sq m Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE Shall not apply to an external wall of a building or part of Purpose Group III which consists of flats or maisonettes if that building has not more than three storeys or that part is separated as described in By-law 135 and does not exceed 18 metres in height. Apartments or individual units are compartmented, and therefore risks are contained when they are below 18m in height (less than 5 storey ht) Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE By-law 145 Reference to Sixth schedule For the purpose of By-law 142 to 146 – (a) any part of a roof shall be deemed to be part of an external wall or side of a building if it is pitched to an angle of 70deg or more to the horizontal and adjoins a space within the building to which persons have access not limited to the purposes of maintenance or repair; and (b) any reference to the Sixth Schedule to these By-laws shall be construed as referring to provisions of Part I of the schedule together with, at the option of the persons intending to erect the building, either the provisions of Part II, Part III or Part IV of the Schedule. Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE 145(a) “any part of a roof shall be deemed to be part of an external wall or side of a building if it is pitched to an angle of 70deg or more to the horizontal and adjoins a space within the building to which persons have access not limited to the purposes of maintenance or repair;” Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE 145(a) “any part of a roof shall be deemed to be part of an external wall or side of a building if it is pitched to an angle of 70deg or more to the horizontal and adjoins a space within the building to which persons have access not limited to the purposes of maintenance or repair;” Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE By-law 146 Relevant boundary – If any building is to be erected on land occupied with any other building, or two or more detached buildings are to be erected on land in common occupation and either of those buildings is within Purpose Group I or III, other than a detached building which only consists only of a garage or of an open car park, in the application of the provisions of this Part to any external wall of any building to be erected which faces an external wall of such other building cont’d Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE By-law 146 cont’d (a) The relevant boundary shall be the notional boundary passing between those buildings and such boundary must be capable of being situated in such a position as to enable the external walls of those buildings to comply with the requirements of this Part; and Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE By-law 146 cont’d (b) if such other building is an existing building it shall be deemed to be (a building to be) erected on the site which it occupies, being of the same purpose and having the same unprotected areas and fire resistance as the existing building Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

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SIXTH SCHEDULE Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE Part I General Rules Part II Rules of Calculation by Reference to an Enclosing Rectangle Part III Rules for Calculation by Reference to aggregate notional Area Part IV Rules for Calculation in Respect of Certain buildings of Purpose Group I or III Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE Part I General Rules - Salient Points If ext wall has combustible material attached and deemed unprotected, the area of that unprotected area shall be half of the area of the cladding Not taken into consideration if (i) unprotected area is less than 0.1 sm and more than 1.5m away from other unprotected areas on same side (ii) one or more unprotected areas have an aggregate area of less than 1 sm and more than 4m away from other unprotected areas on same side (iii) area is external wall to a protected shaft (iv) area is side of a non compartmented bldg and area is more than 28m above any ground adjoining that side of bldg Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE Part II Rules of Calculation by ref to Enclosing Rectangle Part II essentially says that the bigger the unprotected opening, the more radiant heat is generated and therefore a greater degree of separation is required Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE Part III Rules of Calculation by ref to Aggregate Notional Area Part III essentially says that beyond a notional area of unprotected opening of 210 square metres generally, the radiant heat source becomes impractical to control and is therefore not allowed. Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE Part II Rules of Calculation by ref to Enclosing Rectangle (1) Condition of this Part shall be satisfied if a bldg or compartment is so situated that no point on the relevant boundary is either between the relevant plane of reference and the side of the building or compartment or at a distance from the relevant plane of reference which is less than the distance specified in the Tables to this part, according to the Purpose Group of the building or compartment, the dimensions of the enclosing rectangle and the unprotected percentage. Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE Part II Rules of Calculation by ref to Enclosing Rectangle (2) For the purpose of this Part – “plane of reference” means any vertical plane which touches the side or some part of the side of the building or compartment, but which (however far extended) does not pass within the structure of such building or compartment (and for this purpose, any balcony, coping or similar projection shall be deemed not to be part either of the side or of the structure); and the relevant plane of reference shall in each case be taken as the most favourable in that respect to the person erecting the building; Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE Part II Rules of Calculation by ref to Enclosing Rectangle (2) For the purpose of this Part – “enclosing rectangle” means the smallest rectangle on the relevant plane of reference which would – (a) Enclose all the outer edges of any unprotected areas of the building or, if the building is subdivided into compartments, of the compartment (other than any part of the unprotected area which is at an angle more than 80deg to the plane of reference), the outer edges for this purpose projected on the plane of reference by lines perpendicular to such plane; and Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE Part II Rules of Calculation by ref to Enclosing Rectangle (cont’d) (b) Have two horizontal sides; and (c) Have height and width falling within those listed in the Tables to this Part; “unprotected percentage” means the percentage of the area of the enclosing rectangle which is equal to the aggregate area of the unprotected areas taken into account in calculating the enclosing rectangle and as projected on it. Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

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Width of Enclosing Rectangle Height of Enclosing Rectangle Enclosing Rectangle 3 x 7 metres Width of Enclosing Rectangle 7 metres Height of Enclosing Rectangle 3 metres Openings 1.5 x 2.0 metres (3 SQM) 1.0 x 2.0 metres (2 SQM) 1.5 x 1.5 metres (2.25 SQM) Enclosing Rectangle 3H x 7W = 21 SQM Unprotected Opening = 2 + 2.25 + 3 = 7.25 SQM Percentage of Unprotected Opening = 7.25 / 21 = 34.5 %

SIXTH SCHEDULE Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE CALCULATION EXERCISE Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

6th Schedule Unprotected Openings Calculation Vol 56,001-84,000m3 B+C>1/2 Perimeter 6th Schedule Unprotected Openings Calculation

SIXTH SCHEDULE Objective is to check if the front façade design complies with Sixth Schedule Part II (Rules of Calculation by reference to an Enclosing Rectangle); and Part III (Rules for Calculation by reference to Aggregate Notional area) Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE Assumptions made : Building not compartmented, therefore the whole façade considered for single Enclosing Rectangle Purpose Group IV (Office) Building façade is 7.5 m to centre of road which forms the Relevant Boundary which is at a distance of 7.5m from the Building Façade or Plane of Reference Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE Assumptions made : Annexe block to be disregarded because openings have aggregate area of less than 1 sm in accordance with Part 1 Rule 2 (b)(ii) – no account shall be taken of one or more unprotected areas having an area, or if more than one, an aggregate area not exceeding one sm and not less than 4m from any other unprotected area in the same side of the building…. Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

6th Schedule Unprotected Openings Calculation Vol 56,001-84,000m3 B+C>1/2 Perimeter 6th Schedule Unprotected Openings Calculation

SIXTH SCHEDULE Methodology of Calculation (1) Establish Enclosing Rectangle Size on Plane of Reference 9m width x 21.4 m height = 192.6 sm (2) Calculate Area and Percentage of Unprotected Openings 10 nos 3m x 2m windows on upper flrs = 60sm 1 no 9m x 3m window on Grd Level= 27sm Total Area of Unprotected Openings = 87sm Percentage of Unprotected Opening in Enclosing Rectangle is 87/192.6 = 45.17% Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

6th Schedule Unprotected Openings Calculation Vol 56,001-84,000m3 45 % opening 21.4m B+C>1/2 Perimeter 6th Schedule Unprotected Openings Calculation

SIXTH SCHEDULE (3) For Compliance with Part II (Alt 1) Look for relevant Table I- Buildings or Compartments of Purpose Groups I (Small Residential), II (Institutional), III (Other Residential), IV (Office) and VII (Assembly) in Tables to Part II of Sixth Schedule Enclosing Rectangle is 9m W x 21.4 m H Go to Table with enclosing rectangle 24m high (next higher from 21m ) and Row for 9m W Enclosing Rectangle to check compliance Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE (5) For Compliance with Part III Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE Reading from the 9m Row, For 50% Unprotected Opening, the distance to Relevant boundary should not be less than 5.5m Distance to Relevant Boundary = 7.5m Therefore Façade complies with Sixth Schedule Part II Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE (4) Using the same 9m W x 24m H Enclosing Rectangle, if one uses the 7.5m distance to Relevant Boundary as the basis, reading upwards, one finds that the maximum percentage of unprotected opening is 70%, the façade design has 45.17%, therefore, the façade design satisfies Part II of the Sixth Schedule Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE (5) For Compliance with Part III Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE (5) For Compliance with Part III – Rules For Calculation By Reference to Aggregate Notional Area Total Area of Unprotected Opening is 87sm Aggregate Notional Area is area of Unprotected Opening multiplied by factor specified in table to this Part according to distance of such area from the vertical datum which in this case is 7.5m. Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

Table Of Factors (5) For Compliance with Part III Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE (5) For Compliance with Part III Table of factors for distance to vertical datum between 6.0 -8.5m is 2 87sm x factor of 2 = 174 sm Part III Rule 1 says this part satisfied if aggregate notional area in side of building does not exceed (a) 210 sm for Group IV 174<210. Therefore, façade design satisfies Part III Rule 1(a) of Sixth Schedule Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE What if a design opening does not satisfy the requirements of the Sixth Schedule?? The solution would be to install a DRENCHING SYSTEM. Basically a sprinkler system designed to spray or drench the facade in the event of a fire. No bulb, but activated by a fire alarm trigger. Very high demand for water and therefore requires a large storage tank separate from the sprinkler system requirement and a separate pump system. Costly and takes up space. Compromises the external facade design. Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE Part IV – Rules For Calculation In Respect Of Certain Buildings Of Purpose Group I or III Applies only to Residential Bldgs not more than 3 storeys and where no side exceeds 24M – seldom relevant in Malaysian Context due to minimum set back requirements between residential buildings (6M) Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

Further Reading Guide To Fire Protection in Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Building Regulations Explained – Prof Vincent Powell Smith Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb

SIXTH SCHEDULE Thank You Ar Chee Soo Teng PAM MIFireE MIArb