Standard 2B: Evolutionary Processes Doc#1 Ms. Darlak Biology B Standard 2B: Evolutionary Processes Doc#1 Ms. Darlak

Agenda DOC #1 Adaptations 2B Adaptation Notes & Assignment NZ Bird Adaptation Sort HOMEWORK: Kiwi Adaptations

Animal Adaptations A structural adaptation involves some part of an animal's body. Teeth Body coverings    Movement A structural adaptation involves some part of an animal's body, such as the size or shape of the teeth, the animal's body covering, or the way the animal moves.   Teeth - since different animals eat different things, they don't all have the same kind of teeth Body coverings - Hair, scales, spines, and feathers grow from the skin.  All of these parts help animals survive in their environments.   Movement - animals find food by moving from place to place

Types of Structural Adaptations CAMOUFLAGE/COLORATION: blending in with the environment for protection from predators or to help sneak up on prey.

Types of Structural Adaptations MIMICRY: copying a behavior or appearance. Used for protection or obtaining food and protection.

flippers wings Bent legs

Types of Adataions Physiological Definition- jobs of body parts controlling life processes that aids survival, metabolic processes (Ex. Hibernation, producing poison or toxin, resistance to antibiotics or pesticide, ecto or endothermic)

Physiological Adaptations Hibernation – adaptive winter survival technique where animal becomes inactive and all body processes slow down. Examples: bears, chipmunks, squirrels, bats, frogs

Physiological Adaptations Producing Toxin or poison – Examples: Snakes, frogs, spiders, scorpions

Physiological Adaptations Resistance to Antibiotics or Pesticides Examples: bacteria, insects, and plants

Physiological Adaptations Endo or Ectotherms– warm vs cold blooded Ectotherm Examples: Invertebrates, fish, reptiles & amphibians Endotherm Examples: Mammals and birds

Types of Adaptations Behavioral Definition: Ways an organism act to help them survive in their environment. EX: Migration, warning calls, mating dances, hunting in packs.

Behavioral Adaptations Migration - seasonal or periodic movement of animals in response to changes in climate or food availability, or to ensure reproduction. Migration most commonly involves movement from one area to another and then back again. Examples: geese, whales, salmon, Monarch butterflies

Behavioral Adaptations Courtship –communication between animals Territorial -threatening behavior – scares off potential competitors and predators

Behavioral Adaptations Hunting or Living in a Groups – more eyes in a group to watch out for prey or predator, protection Examples: fish, wildebeest, walruses, lions

Behavioral Adaptations Tool Use - any object manipulated by an animal in order to perform a specific task. (monkeys, otters, birds) Playing Dead - By pretending that they are dead, some animals escape bodily harm. (snakes, opossums)

Plant Adaptations

PLANT ADAPTATIONS Structural Plant Adaptations 1. Structures - adaptations on the body: holdfasts, empty space for water storage, catch animals for minerals, tallness, heartiness, thorns, flexibility, floatation devices 2. Seeds – all seeds have adaptation to better enable it to survive long enough to plant itself and grow.

Plant Adaptations 3. Protection – thorns, bad taste, poison, coloration, spikes 4. Obtaining Food – All plants do photosynthesis and make glucose in their leaves. The larger the leaves the more Sun they can capture.

PLANT STRUCTURE ADAPTATIONS Below are pictures of plants. Pick out their adaptations.

SEEDS Seeds are the baby plants!!! They are formed when the pollen fertilizes the egg. Fruit protects the seed.

SEED DISPERSAL Look at the seeds below and name how they are dispersed.

Plant REPRODUCTION (Pollination) Flowers and nectar are to attract specific Pollinators.

PLANT BEHAVIORS Plants not only have structural adaptations; they have behaviors that help them to survive in their environment. Tropism: movement of a plant toward or away from a stimulus. Toward is called positive, away is called negative.

Example 1-Phototropism When the plant senses light and the shoots (stems & leaves) grow toward the light source. This is a positive tropism because the plant is growing toward the stimulus.

Example 2-Gravitropism When growth of a plant changes in response to direction of gravity. Shoots (stems & leaves) have a negative Gravitropism because they grow in the opposite direction of the force of gravity.  Roots mostly have positive gravi- tropism because they grow toward the force of gravity (downward). 

PLANT BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS A state of rest or inactivity. DORMANCY - Many plants go dormant in the winter. Why do trees loose their leaves in the fall? What other types of plants go dormant in the winter?

Types of Adaptation The 3 types of animal adaptations are. . . Anything that helps an organism survive in its environment is an adaptation.  The 3 types of animal adaptations are. . . 1. Structural= a body part or coloring that aids survival (Ex. Protective coloration (camouflage) Mimicry ) 2. Physiological= jobs of body parts controlling life processes that aids survival (Ex. Snake making venom, storage of food in a bulb) 3. Behavioral= an action that aids survival (Ex. Hibernation or Migration)

NZ Bird Adaptation Sort Due to geographical isolation, New Zealand’s bird life evolved in the absence of ground- dwelling predators. Some birds evolved larger body size and loss of flight, as an adaptation to fly was not required to escape these ground-dwelling mammalian predators. As a table sort the different bird adaptations into the correct column.

Kākāpō

TakahĒ

Kererū

Kiwi Male Song

Tui

Kiwi are nocturnal birds. Structural Behavioural Physiological Birds have different shaped beaks and feet suited to the habitat they live in. If there is thick snow cover on the ground during winter, takahē will nest in forested areas to provide shelter. Kererū are one of the few birds to produce ‘crop milk’ – a protein-rich milky secretion from the walls of their crops to sustain their chicks. Kiwi and takahē have vestigial wing buds, which are incapable of flight. Kererū fledglings spend 1–2 weeks with their parents before becoming independent. Takahē use daily torpor to survive cold temperatures overnight. Torpor requires the ability slow their heart rate and lower their body temperature. Kiwi hatch with an internal yolk sac. This sustains the chick in its first week of life. Kiwi are nocturnal birds. Kiwi have fine whiskers at the base of their beak to aid their navigation in the dark. Male kākāpō let out a ‘booming’ noise from dug-out bowls in the earth to attract a female. sound Kiwi have nostrils at the ends of their beaks Many birds such as the kererū and tūī perform display dives to attract a mate.

Structural Behavioural Physiological Kiwi plumage blends in with the undergrowth to allow them protection from predators through camouflage. The breeding cycle of kākāpō is tightly linked with the fruiting of the rimu tree. In abundant fruiting years, more chicks are often born. The bill of the takahē extends onto its forehead as a shield. The kākāpō has a ‘freezing’ response to danger. The kererū has the widest gape of any New Zealand forest bird. This enables it to swallow the large berries of native trees. Kākāpō chew coarse plant material, ingest the juices and soft portions, and then spit out much of the indigestible fibrous residue. The tūī has a long curved beak and a fine brush-tipped tongue that enables it to extract nectar from forest tree flowers. Takahē are flightless. They use wings only to display during courtship or as a show of aggression. Tūī have hollow bones and no teeth, which makes their body light for flight.