An Introduction to the Human Body Lecture 1 An Introduction to the Human Body Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction You are beginning a study of the human body You will learn how it is organized You will learn how it functions You will learn anatomical vocabulary so that you can communicate in common terms with others who study anatomy Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Definitions Anatomy Physiology Describes the structures of the body: what they are made of where they are located associated structures Physiology Is the study of: functions of anatomical structures individual and cooperative functions All physiological functions are performed by specific anatomical structures These functions follow standard physical and mechanical principles

Specialties of Anatomy Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy examines large, visible structures: Surface anatomy: exterior features Regional anatomy: body areas Systemic anatomy: groups of organs working together Developmental anatomy: from egg (embryology) to maturity Clinical anatomy: medical specialties Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules: Cytology: cells and their structures cyt = cell Histology: tissues and their structures

Clinical - Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques Inspection - observing the body for any obvious changes from normal Palpation - touching the body surfaces with the hands Auscultation - listening to body sounds, often with the aid of a stethoscope Percussion - tapping on the surface of the body with fingertips and listening to the resulting echo Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

6 Levels of Body Organization Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Levels of Body Organization: Definitions Chemical level - includes atoms and molecules (two or more atoms joined together) Cellular level - the basic structural and functional units of an organism Tissue level - groups of cells and the material surrounding them that perform a specific function Organ level - structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues and have specific functions System level - consists of related organs with a common function Organismic level - any living individual, all the parts of the body functioning together Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright Pearson Benjamin Cummings Systems of the Body There Are 11 Principal Organ Systems Copyright Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Basic Anatomical Terminology Anatomical position the subject stands: Upright Head level Arms at the sides Palms facing forward Prone: lying face down Supine: lying face up Regional names: Head Neck Trunk Upper limbs Lower limbs Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Key Directional Terms Cranial – toward the head Caudal – toward the tail Dorsal - side toward the spine Ventral - side opposite the spine Anterior - toward the front Posterior - toward the back Superior – higher or above; e.g., the nose is superior to the mouth Inferior – lower or below; e.g., the stomach is inferior to the heart Medial - closer to the midline; e.g., the little finger is medial to the thumb Lateral - farther from the midline; e.g., the thumb is lateral to the index finger Proximal – toward the point of attachment Distal - away from the point of attachment Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Abdominopelvic Quadrants The four quadrants are formed by drawing two lines, one vertically and one horizontally through the umbilicus Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Abdominopelvic Regions There are 9 abdominopelvic regions Epigastric Umbilical Hypograstric (Pubic) Right & left hypochondriac Right & left lumbar Right & left inguinal (iliac) There are two horizontal lines - the top one, subcostal line, drawn inferior to the rib cage Bottom horizontal line (transtubercular line) drawn just inferior to the tops of the hip bones The two vertical lines are called the left and right midclavicular lines, drawn through the midpoints of the clavicles Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

3-D Terminology - Planes and Sections Planes - imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body (Fig. 1.3) Frontal (coronal) plane - divides the body or organ into front and back portions Transverse plane - divides the body or organ into upper and lower portions, also called cross-sectional or horizontal plane Sagittal plane - a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into left and right parts Midsagittal (median) plane - divides the body or organ into equal left and right parts Parasagittal plane - divides the body or organ into unequal left and right parts Oblique plane - passes through the body or organ at an angle Section – one slice of a three-dimensional structure cut parallel to a plane Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Question: Anterior is equivalent to which other directional term: In a dog? In a human? Superior is equivalent to which other directional term:

Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Body Cavities Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs Bones, muscles and ligaments separate body cavities from each other Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Body Cavities Two major cavities, housing the brain and spinal cord, are the: Cranial cavity Vertebral (spinal) canal The two major cavities in the trunk are the: Thoracic cavity (superior) Abdominopelvic cavity (inferior) Separated by the diaphragm Viscera - the organs located inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Thoracic Cavity The thoracic cavity has three smaller cavities: Pericardial cavity Two pleural cavities Mediastinum - central part of the thoracic cavity, located between the lungs Separates the pleural cavities Houses the pericardial cavity Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal cavity contains the: Stomach Spleen Liver Gallbladder Small intestine Most of the large intestine Pelvic cavity contains the: Urinary bladder Parts of the large intestine Internal organs of reproduction Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Body Cavity Membranes Serous membranes: Thin, slippery membranes that cover the viscera and also line the walls of each cavity Visceral layer - covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities Parietal layer - lines the walls of the cavities Cavity between – contains serous fluid Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Names of Major Cavity Membranes Pleura - the serous membrane around the lungs Pericardium - the serous membrane around the heart Peritoneum - the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The Human Body and Disease Disorder - any abnormality of structure and/or function Disease - a more specific term for an illness where signs and symptoms are recognized Symptoms - are subjective, what the patient reports Signs - are objective, what an examiner observes and measures Diagnosis - the science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another Epidemiology - the science that deals with the investigation of diseases and how they are transmitted Pharmacology - the science that deals with the use of drugs in the treatment of disease Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.