T D F V S Z θ ð P B ʃ ʒ K G tʃ dʒ         Unvoiced Voiced

æ ə ɜ ɒ eɪ e ɪ ɪ: ɑɪ oʊ əʊ ʊ ɔɪ ɑʊ u: ʌ a:ʳ əʳ ɜ:ʳ ɪəʳ eəʳ ɔ:ʳ ʊəʳ Unvoiced Voiced Consonants f h k p s t θ ʃ tʃ b d g dʒ l m n r v w j z ʒ ð ŋ Vowels None æ ə ɜ ɒ eɪ e ɪ ɪ: ɑɪ oʊ əʊ ʊ ɔɪ ɑʊ u: ʌ a:ʳ əʳ ɜ:ʳ ɪəʳ eəʳ ɔ:ʳ ʊəʳ * Remember, these are not English letters. They are IPA letters.

stuffed stopped matched leaked washed “-ed” pronunciation rule #1 Unvoiced Voiced Consonants f h k p s t θ ʃ tʃ b d g dʒ l m n r v w j z ʒ ð ŋ Vowels None æ ə ɜ ɒ eɪ e ɪ ɪ: ɑɪ oʊ əʊ ʊ ɔɪ ɑʊ u: ʌ a:ʳ əʳ ɜ:ʳ ɪəʳ eəʳ ɔ:ʳ ʊəʳ “-ed” pronunciation rule #1 After an unvoiced sound, “-ed” sounds like T (unvoiced). stuffed stopped matched IPA: stʌft IPA: stɒpt IPA: mætʃt leaked washed IPA: wɔʃt IPA: lɪ:kt

robbed judged flowed hanged waved “-ed” pronunciation rule #2 Unvoiced Voiced Consonants f h k p s t θ ʃ tʃ b d g dʒ l m n r v w j z ʒ ð ŋ Vowels None æ ə ɜ ɒ eɪ e ɪ ɪ: ɑɪ oʊ əʊ ʊ ɔɪ ɑʊ u: ʌ a:ʳ əʳ ɜ:ʳ ɪəʳ eəʳ ɔ:ʳ ʊəʳ “-ed” pronunciation rule #2 After a voiced sound, “-ed” sounds like D (voiced). robbed judged flowed IPA: rɒbd IPA: dʒʌdʒd IPA: floʊd hanged waved IPA: weɪvd IPA: hæŋd

æ ə ɜ ɒ eɪ e ɪ ɪ: ɑɪ oʊ əʊ ʊ ɔɪ ɑʊ u: ʌ a:ʳ əʳ ɜ:ʳ ɪəʳ eəʳ ɔ:ʳ ʊəʳ Unvoiced Voiced Consonants f h k p s t θ ʃ tʃ b d g dʒ l m n r v w j z ʒ ð ŋ Vowels None æ ə ɜ ɒ eɪ e ɪ ɪ: ɑɪ oʊ əʊ ʊ ɔɪ ɑʊ u: ʌ a:ʳ əʳ ɜ:ʳ ɪəʳ eəʳ ɔ:ʳ ʊəʳ “-ed” pronunciation rule #3 After a T or a D, “-ed” sounds like ɪd. wanted mended IPA: wʌn tɪd IPA: men dɪd

Unvoiced Voiced raced st zd raised wrapped pt bd grabbed locked kt gd logged laughed ft vd lived frothed θt ðd breathed washed ʃt ʒd massaged batched tʃt dʒd badged nd cleaned md seemed ld called rd cleared ŋd ringed

start  started - T sound - D sound - Id sound

play  played - T sound - D sound - Id sound

watch  watched - T sound - D sound - Id sound

stuffs stops leaks “-s” pronunciation rule #1 After an unvoiced sound, Consonants f h k p s t θ ʃ tʃ b d g dʒ l m n r v w j z ʒ ð ŋ Vowels None æ ə ɜ ɒ eɪ e ɪ ɪ: ɑɪ oʊ əʊ ʊ ɔɪ ɑʊ u: ʌ a:ʳ əʳ ɜ:ʳ ɪəʳ eəʳ ɔ:ʳ ʊəʳ “-s” pronunciation rule #1 After an unvoiced sound, “-s” sounds like S (unvoiced). stuffs stops IPA: stʌfs IPA: stɒps leaks IPA: lɪ:ks

robs flows hangs waves “-s” pronunciation rule #2 Unvoiced Voiced Consonants f h k p s t θ ʃ tʃ b d g dʒ l m n r v w j z ʒ ð ŋ Vowels None æ ə ɜ ɒ eɪ e ɪ ɪ: ɑɪ oʊ əʊ ʊ ɔɪ ɑʊ u: ʌ a:ʳ əʳ ɜ:ʳ ɪəʳ eəʳ ɔ:ʳ ʊəʳ “-s” pronunciation rule #2 After a voiced sound, “-s” sounds like Z (voiced). robs flows IPA: rɒbz IPA: floʊz hangs waves IPA: weɪvz IPA: hæŋz

æ ə ɜ ɒ eɪ e ɪ ɪ: ɑɪ oʊ əʊ ʊ ɔɪ ɑʊ u: ʌ a:ʳ əʳ ɜ:ʳ ɪəʳ eəʳ ɔ:ʳ ʊəʳ Unvoiced Voiced Consonants f h k p s t θ ʃ tʃ b d g dʒ l m n r v w j z ʒ ð ŋ Vowels None æ ə ɜ ɒ eɪ e ɪ ɪ: ɑɪ oʊ əʊ ʊ ɔɪ ɑʊ u: ʌ a:ʳ əʳ ɜ:ʳ ɪəʳ eəʳ ɔ:ʳ ʊəʳ “-s” pronunciation rule #3 After an s, z, ʃ, tʃ, ʒ, or dʒ “-s” sounds like ɪz. judges matches IPA: dʒʌdʒɪz IPA: mætʃɪz misses washes IPA: mɪsɪz IPA: wɔʃɪz

Unvoiced Voiced wraps ps bz grabs locks ks gz logs cliffs fs vz lives nz cleans mz seems lz calls rz clears ŋz rings

window  windows - S sound - Z sound - Iz sound

class  classes - S sound - Z sound - Iz sound

paint  paints - S sound - Z sound - Iz sound

X mʌnzɪsɪ:z X kloʊzɪzɪ:z Unvoiced Voiced months θs ðz clothes O mʌnθs O kloʊðz O mʌns O kloʊz X mʌnθɪ:s X kloʊðɪ:z X mʌnzɪsɪ:z X kloʊzɪzɪ:z