Firm-ordered vs. DDA ebooks: What are the differences? Yin Zhang and Kay Downey Kent State University 2016 Charleston Conference Poster Friday, November 4, 2016 Charleston, SC

The Demand-Driven Acquisition (DDA) Model and Practices Common DDA business models Short-term loan with DDA Straight DDA with no short-term loans Short-term loan only Evidence based acquisition Key definitions A trigger threshold is commonly ten page turns within the body of the text, ten consecutive minutes of use, one print, one copy, or one download. This is also known as the 10-10-1-1-1 paradigm Free Use: free access to an e-book before a trigger occurs. User Sessions in eBrary reports: the number of times a title is opened and the user performs at least one copy, print, view (page turn), or download.

DDA Model at Kent State University Libraries (KSUL) DDA-based e-book acquisition pilot project in January 2012 Started with 20,000 e-book discovery records in its library catalog linked to the e-books hosted on the eBrary platform. KSUL's DDA model is auto-purchase triggered by the 10-10-1-1-1 paradigm with no STL component. Selection criteria for DDA-eligible e-books are based on the print approval profile and mediated by our primary book provider YBP Record provision Electronic invoicing Deduplication Services Each week new discovery records are added to the local catalog and become accessible to KSU faculty and students. During 1/1/2012 to 12/31/2015, 60,018 discovery records have been added to the catalog and, of those, less than 4,039 merited enough use to trigger a purchase.

DDA Model at KSUL Overview Triggered Used Discovery Pool 4,039 9,309 60,018 discovery records uploaded to catalog 1/1/2012 – 12/31/2015 Used: 9,309/ 60,018 = 15.51% of discovery pool Triggered: 4,039/ 60,018 =6.73% of discovery pool

Firm-ordered ebooks at KSUL When an ebook is required that is not already included in the eBrary Discovery pool a firm order is placed via YBP. Access on the eBrary platform typically becomes available within 24 hours. Firm order eBrary ebooks can be identified by the unique YBP account number.

Firm-ordered ebooks at KSUL Overview Total firm-ordered: 610 Used: 513 Firm-ordered during 1/1/2012 – 12/31/2015 Used: 513/610 = 84.1% of total firm-ordered Unused: 97/610 = 15.9% of total firm-ordered

Determining Best Practice How can the two ebook acquisition approaches be compared and evaluated? Do firm-order ebook acquisitions translate into actual usage? If yes, do they receive a same level of usage compared to their DDA counterparts? Does the firm-order method meet a unique need of library users that a DDA ebook program does not? What actions do we take post-evaluation?

Methodology Sample Data Sources Timeframe: 1/1/2012 - 12/31/2015 all DDA ebooks during the 4-year period all firm-ordered ebooks during the 4-year period Data Sources eBrary Trigger Reports eBrary Title Reports YBP firm-ordered ebooks (used and unused) from eBrary KentLink local catalog MARC records

Acquired DDA ebooks: Annual Number and Cost Trigger/Purchase Year # of ebooks Cost Avg Cost/Title 2012 905 $86,615 $ 95.71 2013 $86,725 $ 95.83 2014 954 $98,433 $ 103.18 2015 1,275 $126,730 $ 99.40 TOTAL 4,039 $398,504 $ 98.66

Firm-ordered ebooks: Annual Number and Cost Trigger/Purchase Year # of ebooks Cost Avg Cost/Title 2012 197 $ 19,330 $ 98.12 2013 212 $ 17,496 $ 82.53 2014 93 $ 7,002 $ 75.29 2015 108 $ 9,983 $ 92.43 TOTAL 610 $ 53,811 $ 88.21

Acquired DDA ebooks: Top Publishers # of ebooks % University Presses 998 25% Taylor and Francis 804 20% Wiley 289 7% Palgrave Macmillan 244 6% Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 135 3% Bloomsbury Publishing 127 McFarland 89 2% SAGE 82 Elsevier Science CRC Press 74 ABC-CLIO 60 1% Ashgate Publishing Ltd 56 John Benjamins Publishing Company 54 Guilford 50 Of the 90 various university presses in our sample, Cambridge University is the largest contributor to our triggered titles with 208 titles (5% in total)

Firm-ordered ebooks: Top Publishers # of ebooks % University Presses 225 37% Taylor and Francis 58 10% Wiley 43 7% Palgrave Macmillan 26 4% Guilford 13 2% Unidentified CRC Press Elsevier Science Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 12 Ashgate Publishing Ltd 11 ABC-CLIO Of the 45 various university presses in our sample, Cambridge University is the largest contributor to our firm-ordered titles with 29 titles (5% in total)

Acquired DDA ebooks profile: Trigger Event   Trigger Event Overall (n=4,039) 2012 (n=905) 2013 2014 (n=954) 2015 (n=1,275) # of ebooks % View 2,028 50% 54% 52% 56% 42% Chapter Download 672 17% 28% 31% 14% 8% Print 585 9% 23% Copy 392 10% 11% Full Download (Activated in Nov 2014) 362 0% 4% 25%

Findings – DDA Trigger Time: Days from upload to trigger # of ebooks Minimum Days Maximum Days Median Days 4,011 1,450 384

Findings – Usage of DDA Purchased Titles All except three purchased ebooks (4,036/4,039 = 99.9%) received post-trigger use 90% received under 10 user sessions post purchase as reflected in Title Report 57% of used DDA titles are free uses without any trigger and cost (5,272/9,309) # of User Sessions # of ebooks used post-trigger % 3 0.1% 1 591 14.6% 2-9 3,044 75.4% 10-19 288 7.1% 20-29 55 1.4% 30-39 25 0.6% >= 40 33 0.8% TOTAL 4,039 100.0%

Findings – Usage of Firm-Ordered Titles 15.9% of firm-ordered ebooks (97/610) are not used 97.5% received under 10 user sessions post purchase as reflected in Title Report # of User Sessions # of ebooks post-order % 97 15.9% 1 251 41.1% 2-9 247 40.5% 10-19 6 1.0% 20-29 >=30 3 0.5% TOTAL 610 100.0%

Conclusions and Lessons Learned (1) How can the two ebook acquisition approaches be compared and evaluated? Compare and evaluate the two ebook acquisition approaches based on the actual usage of ebooks purchased during the same time period and over time. + Value of longitudinal study to realize the impact + Value of analysis and comparison based on actual usage data + Value of longitudinal study in formulating weeding protocols - The analysis process is Data-rich Time consuming Labor-intensive Why is “data-rich” a minus?

Conclusions and Lessons Learned (2) Do firm-order ebook acquisitions translate into actual usage? If yes, do they receive a same level of usage compared to their DDA counterparts? Firm-ordered ebooks tend to receive less usage compared to DDA ebooks They have a higher ratio of never used ebooks after purchase: 15.9% vs. 0.1% They have a higher ratio of low-level usage (under 10 user sessions post purchase): 97.5% vs. 90% They have a lower ratio of repeated subsequent uses (>1) than DDA ebooks:  43% vs. 85.3%.

Conclusions and Lessons Learned (3) Does the firm-order method meet a unique need of library users that a DDA ebook program does not? The ebooks acquired from the two approaches share similar top publishers. Detailed analysis of the subject areas of the ebooks is underway to see if there are any disciplinary differences between the two sets of ebooks acquired.

Conclusions and Lessons Learned (4) What actions are we to take post-evaluation? Future study of cross-institutional data comparison of DDA instances Content analysis comparing ebooks acquired from firm-order vs DDA, regarding currency, publisher availability, subject matter Updating the profile to further narrow Discovery Pool

Research Partners Recommended Reading Yin Zhang (yzhang4@kent.edu), Kent State University Kay Downey(mdowney1@kent.edu), Kent State University Cristóbal Urbano(urbano@ub.edu), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain Tom Klingler (tk@kent.edu), Kent State University Recommended Reading Downey, K., Zhang, Y., Urbano, C., & Klingler, T. (2014). A comparative study of print book and DDA ebook acquisition and use. Technical Services Quarterly, 31(2), 139-160. Fischer, S. K. and Diaz, C. (2013). Four Years of Unmediated Demand-Driven Acquisition and 5,000 E-Books Later: We Gave ‘Em What They Wanted. In Proceedings of the Charleston Library Conference. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315296 National Information Standards Organization, Demand Driven Acquisition of Monographs: A Recommended Practice of the National Information Standards Organization, NISO RP-20-2014, http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/download.php/13373/rp-20-2014_DDA.pdf Urbano, C., Zhang, Y., Downey, K., & Klingler, T. (2015). Library catalog log analysis in e-book Patron-Driven Acquisitions (PDA): A case study. College & Research Libraries, 76(4), 412-426. Zhang, Y., Downey, K., Cristóbal, U., Klingler, T. (2015). A Scenario Analysis of Demand-Driven Acquisition (DDA) of E-Books in Libraries. Library Resources & Technical Services, 59(2), 84-93.