(a multimedia presentation) By Ms Behjat Jami

IMPORTANT TERMS - I Avalanche : A huge mass of snow that moves down the slope. Bar: Alluvial terrace an old flood plain fairly high to active flood plain. Bet: Active flood plain. Doab / Interfluves: Land between two rivers. Dhand: Small salt lake. Khaddar: Fresh Alluvium. Karez : Irrigation Method used in Balochistan which consists of a water- tunnel or a narrow under ground canal. Landslide: landslide is the movement of rocks and soil down the mountain slopes. Mountain: A raised part of the earth with a peak ,steep slope attaining over 1000 meters height than a hill. Range : A group of mountains is called a range. Ms Behjat Jami

IMPORTANT TERMS - II Plateau: An area of fairly level high ground. Plain: A flat land with fertile soils used to grow crops. Topography: The arrangement of the natural and artificial features of an area. The synonyms of topography are land forms/ physical features/ physiography and configuration of earth surface. Relief: The specific forms of a physical feature. Climate: the generalization of the all atmospheric conditions prevailing in any area for last 30 years. Economic activities: All activities which are carried out to produce something. Ms Behjat Jami

(A multimedia presentation) NATURAL TOPOGRAPHY & DRAINAGE (A multimedia presentation) Ms Behjat Jami

Geographical Terms Topography: the study of surface of earth is called topography (mountains, rivers, deserts, forests etc.) Drainage: the natural flow of water on earth surface is called drainage (river, stream & waterfalls etc.) Ms Behjat Jami

Geographical Terms Relief features: topographic features or shape of the surface of a particular areas or land e.g. Potwar plateau or the Northern mountains Alluvium: the fine sand and minerals which come with river water due to soil erosion are called alluvium Ms Behjat Jami

Geographical Terms Piedmont plain: the foot hill area of a mountain is called piedmont plain Plateau: the little high flat land above the normal level of land is called a plateau Ms Behjat Jami

Geographical Terms Delta: a small ‘V’ shaped sediment island on a river mouth is called delta Pass: a passage or land route among mountains is called a Pass Ms Behjat Jami

Geographical Terms Doab (Interfluves) : the land b/w two rivers is called Doab or interfluves Bar upland: the high land on a Doab is called Bar upland Alluvial terrace: the Bar upland is also called as Alluvial terrace Ms Behjat Jami

PHYSICAL REGIONS Ms Behjat Jami

PHYSICAL REGIONS Northern Mountains Western Mountains Indus Plains Coastal Plain Deserts Plateaus Ms Behjat Jami

Ms Behjat Jami

Northern Mountains Ms Behjat Jami

Northern Mountains Karakoram Range (extreme North East) Central Himalayas (parallel to Karakoram range) Outer Himalayas (parallel to Central Himalayas) Siwalik Range (parallel to Outer Himalayas ) Ms Behjat Jami

Northern Mountains Hindu Kush Range (extreme North West) Dir Range (N-S. East of Safed Koh Range) Swat Range (N-S… parallel to Dir Range ) Kohistan Range (N-S.. parallel to Swat Range ) Ms Behjat Jami

PEAKS Peak Range Height (m) K-2 Karakoram 8611 2 Tirich Mir Hindu Kush S. No Peak Range Height (m) 1 K-2 Karakoram 8611 2 Tirich Mir Hindu Kush 7690 3 Nanga Parbat Central Himalayas 8126 4 Murkushi 5833 Ms Behjat Jami

PASSES Pass Range Height (m) Khunjerab K.K 4733 2 Babusar C.H 4173 3 S . No Pass Range Height (m) 1 Khunjerab K.K 4733 2 Babusar C.H 4173 3 Dorah H.K 4554 4 Karakoram 5575 Ms Behjat Jami

GLACIERS GLACIER Range Length (Km) Siachin K.K 78 2 Biafo 62 3 Baltoro S . No GLACIER Range Length (Km) 1 Siachin K.K 78 2 Biafo 62 3 Baltoro 58 4 Batura 59 5 Sakiz Jarab H.K 32 Ms Behjat Jami

   An Arial view of the Himalayas Ms Behjat Jami

Glaciers in Karakoram Range Ice River Glaciers in Karakoram Range   Ms Behjat Jami

KARAKORAM RANGE Glacier Formation Ms Behjat Jami

Godwin Austin   K-2 Ms Behjat Jami

Left to right: Gasherbrum IV, V, VI & VII Gasherbrum Peaks   Left to right: Gasherbrum IV, V, VI & VII                         Ms Behjat Jami

Rakaposhi  Height: 7,788 m  (Himalayas)                          Ms Behjat Jami

Snow capped Range Snow Line Ms Behjat Jami

Muztagh Tower Height: 7,273 m Hindu Kush Ms Behjat Jami

PHYSICAL FEATURES Snow capped; high rise peaks Big glaciers among ranges Source of rivers in subcontinent Mountains passes & gorges Foothill valleys (lakes & W. Falls) Rain shadow area Scarce vegetation Ms Behjat Jami

CLIMATIC FEATURES Temperature remains low Harsh winter with heavy snowfall Short summer with moderate rainfall Sun shines everyday except rainy days Cool air moves slow Ms Behjat Jami

Western Mountains Ms Behjat Jami

Western Mountains All mountains in western, central and south NWFP come under this category All mountains in Baluchistan come under this category Important mountain Ranges: Safed Koh Range (above Khyber pass) Ms Behjat Jami

Western Mountains Waziristan Hills (S-W… NWFP) Sulaiman Range (border b/w P & NWFP) Kirthar Range (border b/w Sindh & Balochistan) Toba Kakar Range (N-W Balochistan) Siahan Range (Central Balochistan) Ms Behjat Jami

Western Mountains Central Makran Range (Central Baluchistan) Coastal Makran Range (coastal Baluchistan) Central Bruhi Range (Central Baluchistan) Pub Range (S-E Baluchistan) Hala Range (S-E Balochistan) Ms Behjat Jami

PEAKS (W.M) S.No Peak Range Height (m) 1 Sikeram Safed Koh 4760 2 Takht-e-Sulaiman Sulaiman 3383 3 Kutto-jo-Qabar Kirthar 2097 4 Ras Koh 3004 Ms Behjat Jami

PASSES S.No Pass Range Height (m) Khyber Safed Koh 1067 6 Bolan 5 Khyber Safed Koh 1067 6 Bolan Sulaiman 989 7 Khojak Toba Kakar 1312 8 Gomal Waziristan 700 9 Tochi 580 Ms Behjat Jami

PHYSICAL FEATURES Medium height mountains Barren land and Badland Water is scarce Seasonal Rivers Scattered vegetation Natural passes Parallel ranges Ms Behjat Jami

BADLAND Ms Behjat Jami

CLIMATIC FEATURES Long summer with high temperature Weather extremes Short and cold winter Rainfall in Summer & winter due to both Monsoon and Western Depression Ms Behjat Jami

INDUS PLAINS Ms Behjat Jami

INDUS PLAINS The plain area which comes under the effect of the river Indus and its eastern tributaries is called ‘Indus plain’ or ‘Indus Basin’ The Indus plain starts from South of ‘Himalayas’ and spread over Punjab & Sindh down to Arabian sea Ms Behjat Jami

Start of Lower Indus Plain KEY Sindh Sagar Doab Chaj Doab Rachna Doab Bari Doab Start of Lower Indus Plain Ms Behjat Jami

Eastern Tributaries Jhelum River Chenab River Ravi River Sutlej River Beas River (India) Ms Behjat Jami

THE INDUS PLAIN Start of Lower Indus Plain Ms Behjat Jami

INTERFLUVES (DOAB) Sind Sagar Doab (b/w Indus & Jhelum) Chaj Doab (b/w Jhelum & Chenab) Rachna Doab (b/w Chenab & Ravi) Bari Doab (b/w Ravi & Sutluj) Ms Behjat Jami

INTERFLUVES (DOAB) CONFLUENCE Ms Behjat Jami

Alluvial Terrace ( Bar Upland) Kirana Bar in Chaj Doab Sandal Bar in Rachna Doab Ganji Bar in upper Bari Doab Nili Bar in lower Bari Doab Ms Behjat Jami

Physical Features The length of the river Indus in Pakistan is 2900Km Lake Mansrowar is the origin of the Indus in Tibet China Indus passes through world highest mountainous region The Indus Enters in plain areas at Kalabagh Ms Behjat Jami

Physical Features Indus plains are highly fertile land with plenty of water East of Slaiman-Kirthar range is the piedmont plain Sindh Sagar Doab (Thal desert) is in the East of Indus All Doabs have Bar uplands Bari Doab have two Bar uplands Ms Behjat Jami

Drainage River Jhelum joins river Chenab near Jhang River Ravi joins river Chenab near Shorkot River Sutluj joins river Ravi near Alipur Soan river in Potwar plateau joins the river Indus at Attock Ms Behjat Jami

Drainage Water of all rivers come in one river called Punjnad River at Panjnad Punjnad river joins Indus at Mitthan Kot and enters in Sindh In lower plain the Indus river passes through wide plain area up to the Arabian sea Ms Behjat Jami

INDUS DELTA Ms Behjat Jami

INDUS DELTA A delta is formed at river mouth due to sedimentation process done by the river Sand and silt which come with the river water settle in the sea bed; slowly a small island comes out of the surface of the sea is called Delta Ms Behjat Jami

INDUS DELTA   ARABIAN SEA The Indus Ms Behjat Jami

Physical Features It is a marsh land or wetland INDUS DELTA Physical Features It is a marsh land or wetland It has great mangrove forest on the whole length of the Sindh coast It has many fish harbors and small ports like Keti Bandar & Shah Bandar Ms Behjat Jami

DESERTS Ms Behjat Jami

DESERTS IN PAKISTAN Pakistan has 41% desert area on its land Pakistan has three deserts Thal Desert (Sindh Sagar Doab; western Punjab) Thar Desert (South East Punjab & Eastern Sindh) Kharan Desert (Central to south Balochistan) Ms Behjat Jami

THAR DESERT The Thar Desert in Pakistan is the part of great Thar Desert in Rajhistan India The Thar Desert in Pakistan is further divided into three deserts : Cholistan Desert (South East Punjab ) Nara Desert (North Eastern Sindh) Tharparkar Desert (Eastern Sindh) Ms Behjat Jami

PUNJAB THAL DESERT CHOLISTAN DESERT Ms Behjat Jami

NARA DESERT SINDH THARPARKAR DESERT Ms Behjat Jami

Sand Dunes                                       A result of high wind  Ms Behjat Jami

Sand Dunes Pyramidal Sand Dunes Ms Behjat Jami

indicate that winds blew in many directions Star Sand Dunes                                                               indicate that winds blew in many directions Ms Behjat Jami

Stony Part of a desert Ms Behjat Jami

Desert Physical Features Sandy, stony & rocky Water is scarce Land is fertile but needs water to show its strength Natural vegetation is scattered with bushes, small trees & thorny plants Ms Behjat Jami

Desert Physical Features Sand dunes are special feature of a desert Sand dunes are formed due to high wind activities Air takes layers of sand from one place to another place Most of the dunes in Thar desert are longitudinal Ms Behjat Jami

CACTUS & OTHER THORNY PLANTS Desert Vegetation                             CACTUS & OTHER THORNY PLANTS Ms Behjat Jami

DESERT VEGETATION Ms Behjat Jami

Desert Desertification: Desertification is a natural process in which a desert covers more area due to climatic changes Reclamation: Reclamation is to turn deserted area into arable land by human efforts Ms Behjat Jami

PLATEAUS Ms Behjat Jami

PLATEAUS a plateau is a high flat land little higher than normal level of land Pakistan has two plateaus: Potwar Plateau (North West Punjab) Balochistan Plateau (central Balochistan) Ms Behjat Jami

POTWAR PLATEAU Boundaries: Jhelum River (East) Indus River (West) Kala Chitta Range and the Margalla Hills (North) Salt Range (South) Ms Behjat Jami

POTWAR PLATEAU PUNJAB Ms Behjat Jami

POTWAR PLATEAU Physical Features Mostly mountainous Rugged, rocky & bare land Scattered vegetation Mineral deposits are large but difficult to mine Water is scanty Ms Behjat Jami

POTWAR PLATEAU The Soan River flows through POTWAR PLATEAU It starts as a branch of Jhelum river near Muree It joins the Indus river near Kalabagh; Northern part of the plateau is arable due to this Ms Behjat Jami

Climatic Issues Low rain fall Extensive deforestation Coal mining and Oil and Gas exploration Due to these activities the plateau is facing serious environmental problems Ms Behjat Jami

BALOCHISTAN PLATEAU Ms Behjat Jami

BALOCHISTAN PLATEAU Physical Features Completely mountainous Rugged, rocky & bare land Scattered vegetation Seasonal rivers Water is scanty Mineral deposits are large but difficult to mine Ms Behjat Jami

COASTAL PLAINS Ms Behjat Jami

COASTAL PLAINS Pakistan has 1000Km long coastal line Sindh Coast 200 Km Balochistan coast 800Km Ms Behjat Jami

COASTAL PLAINS Coastal belt in Pakistan stretches from Indian border in the east up to Iranian border in the west Pakistan Coastal belt has: commercial ports fish harbours Naval bases Ms Behjat Jami