High Current Cyclotrons for Future Neutrino Experiments L. Calabretta, INFN-LNS, for the DAEdALUS collaboration Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013 DAEδALUS: A Path to Measuring δCP Using Decay-at-Rest Neutrino Sources, by J. Conrad & M. Shaevitz Primary physics goal: searching for Decay At rest Experiment for δcp studies At the Laboratory for Underground Science CP-violation in the neutrino sector Short baseline nμ ne experiment with no matter effect novel design which provides high-statistics and low backgrounds Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

is absent in the flux: look for its appearance! Shape driven by nature! Only the normalization varies from beam to beam is absent in the flux: look for its appearance! Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013 Single Ultra large Detector With Free Protons as IBD (ne + p  e+ + n) Targets Three Identical Beams Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

The duty factor is flexible, but beam-off is needed. 2 ms 2 ms 8 ms 1.5 km Accelerators 8 km Accelerators 20 km Accelerators 800 MeV @ 5 MW 800 MeV @ 2 MW 800 MeV @ 1 MW To identify the source that produced the detected neutrino, the accelerators are driven with a 20% duty cycle: <2 MW> peak power 10 MW or higher The duty factor is flexible, but beam-off is needed. Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013 Accelerator requirements in perspective AVERAGE power PEAK power ESS Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Cyclotrons: Viable technology? PSI is current world power leader in this energy range ~ 1.4 MW average, 590 MeV protons Extrapolation to higher power? Problems: Capture of more ions… space-charge at injection Clean extraction… max loss 200 W (~10-4) VIS source Superconducting Ring Cyclotron Normal conducting Cyclotron Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013 Proposed Solution: H2+ ions Two protons for every ion (1 emA = 2 pmA) Perveance of 5 emA H2+ at 35 keV/amu same as 2 emA of 30 keV protons Axial injection of 2 emA protons at 30 keV is well within state of the art Extraction with stripping foil Clean turn separation is not needed, only high-acceptance extraction channel Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

The base cyclotron module for DAEDALUS is designed to deliver proton beam 10 mA @ 800 MeV duty cycle 20%, average power <1.6 MW> Superconducting Coils, Losses due to residual gas, Electromagnetic stripping Peak current 5mA of H2+ < 1 mA> H2+ 60 MeV/n <120 kW>/600 kW peak < 1 mA> H2+ 800 MeV/n 20%<1.6 MW> 8 MW peak Stripping extraction Space Charge effects, Electrostatic Deflectors Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

H2+ beam Stripper foil emerging protons electrons catcher Stripper foil: 5 MW beam @ 800 MeV Xing a stripper foil 1 mg/cm2 thick release  45 W due to nuclear interaction! The electrons removed by the strippers have a full power of 5 MW*Me/MH2=5/(2*1826)=1370 W ! Electrons are the main source of stripper damage But, electrons can be stopped before strike the stripper Stripper foil emerging protons H2+ beam electrons catcher If B=0.4 T Re=4.5 mm Stripper Thickness can be also thinner, because: H- =(p+e+e)  p, e, e is a two steps process (p+e+e) H + e  p, e, e H2+ =(p+p+e)p, p, e is a single step process, lower probability for H2+H + p The neutral H can be removed by an additional stripper foil, 10 cm later Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013 DAEdALUS Superconducting Ring Cyclotron Space charge effects have negligible effects during acceleration in the ring cyclotron Vertical beam size along the acceleration in the radial range from 4 to 4.9 m, snapshot at 0° azimuth. The left figure has no charge space effects, 0 mA. The right figure is evaluated with a 5 mA beam H2+ current Simulation made by J. Yang and A. Adelman (PSI), using OPAL code Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

The radial size of the beam depend mainly by the energy gain per turn DE/E% phase (deg) Z (mm) R (mm) Histogram of 5 mA H2+ beam at the stripper foil position, simulation include space charge effects (OPAL code) Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Effect due crossing Walkinshaw resonance Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013 Preliminary study of cryostat made by J. Minervini Group, @ MIT-PSFC arXiv.org > physics > arXiv:1209.4886 Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Electrostatic deflectors Injector Cyclotron 60 MeV/amu, peak current 5 mA H2+ Normal conducting coils ~ 4.4 meter coil diameter • Axial injection (spiral inflector) • Electrostatic extraction channel Extraction trajectory Coil Electrostatic deflectors arXiv: 1207.4895 Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Vertical beam size vs. turns number for different beam current 1 MeV/n 61.7 MeV/n Vertical beam size vs. turns number for different beam current Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013 Deflector septum 0.5 mm thick Extraction efficiency 99.98%, if beam power is 600 kW on the septum 120 W! Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013 Development Strategy With highly-complex projects: Develop phased approach Design phases such that good physics can be done with each In our case… Injector cyclotron can in itself be a “barn-burning” neutrino source The IsoDAR Project 10 mA (CW) proton at 60 MeV= 600 kW! Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

PhaseII: IsoDAR (Isotope Decay At Rest) Proton beam into neutron-producing target Secondary neutrons into ~50 kg pure 7Li blanket 8Li decay produces ne, high beta endpoint energy Good for discriminating background As with DAEdALUS, use IBD in liquid scintillator Good spatial, energy resolution _ 60 MeV, 600 kW ISODAR on PRL highlight GOAL: STERILE NEUTRINO SEARCH Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Oscillations can be seen within detector! Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

SNO+ also encouraging IsoDAR Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Injection test at “Best Cyclotron Inc.” site in Vancouver Phase I Is in progress Injection test at “Best Cyclotron Inc.” site in Vancouver Ion source Injector Cyclotron Superconducting Ring Cyclotron Target/Dump DAEdALUS Near site Mini Cyclotron Gate Valve slits, emittance meter, buncher VIS on HV Platform Solenoid Quads Solenoid Ion source VIS and its beam line leaved Catania harbour on February 15, now are traveling ocean Vacuum Pumps Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

beam injection in the median plane liner housing liner dee #2 spiral inflector dee #1 liner liner TS - magnet beam injection in the median plane Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013 Phase III: SRC & Target/Dump, Ion source Injector Cyclotron Superconducting Ring Cyclotron Target/Dump DAEdALUS Near site Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013 Phase IV: This is a tentative solution for the far site. Two injector cyclotron injecting in one SRC. Two beams are extracted at the same time by two different stripper foils to mitigate the power dissipation on the beam dump. Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013 Summary H2+ ions can be a key to high-power cyclotrons for many applications Compactness and relative lower cost of cyclotrons could open doors to several important neutrino experiments Exciting times ahead! Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013

...And thats all folks! Thanks for your attention! Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes, Venice 11-15 March 2013