The United States Takes Hawaii Aloha! The United States Takes Hawaii

Appeal Americans stopped there on the way to China Missionaries children and grandchildren planted sugar and sold to the U.S. ¾ of the island’s wealth By 1900 foreigners outnumbered native Hawaiians 3 to 1 U.S. imported Hawaiian sugar duty free McKinley Tarriff changes that

Pressure Builds U.S. builds Pearl Harbor White business leaders pressure King to limit voting rights Queen tries to change it back American businessmen organize a revolution with the help of Marines Sanford B. Dole put in charge Cleveland wouldn’t annex, McKinley did

The Spanish-American War 1898-1898 4/20 – 8/12

Causes Jingoism – an intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy

Cuban Revolt 10 year battle for independence 1895 rebels began sabotaging plantations Spain sends the “Butcher” Valeriano Weyler & 100k troops Cuban Revolt

Jose Marti I Cultivate a White Rose By Jose Marti I cultivate a white rose In July as in January For the sincere friend Who gives me his hand frankly. And for the cruel person who tears out the heart with which I live, I cultivate neither nettles nor thorns: I cultivate a white rose. Cultivo Una Rosa Blanca Por Jose Marti Cultivo una rosa blanca En julio como en enero, Para el amigo sincero Que me da su mano franca. Y para el cruel que me arranca El corazon con que vivo, Cardo ni ortiga cultivo, Cultivo una rosa blanca.

Yellow Journalism

De Lome Letter (1898) Spanish diplomat criticizes McKinley

Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine Docked in the Havana harbor Exploded without warning 260 Americans killed Eventually concluded that it was an accident

McKinley’s War Message “Put an end to the barbarities, bloodshed, starvation, and horrible miseries in Cuba” Protect the lives and property of U.S. citizens living in Cuba End “the very serious injury to the commerce, trade, and business of our people” End “the constant menace to our peace” arising from the disorders in Cuba

Teller Amendment Declared the United States had no intention of taking political control of Cuba and once peace was restored, the Cubans would control their own government

Fighting the War

The Philippines at Sea Teddy Roosevelt (assistant secretary of the Navy) had already ordered a fleet to the Philippines Commodore George Dewey opens fire in Manila Bay on 5/1 Spanish Navy shortly submitted

The Philippines on Land U.S. allies with Filipino rebels Captures Manila on August 13

Invasion of Cuba Ill-prepared volunteer force Disease more a problem than fighting 5000 deaths from malaria, dysentery, and typhus 500 deaths in battle

Success Americans and Cubans both victorious in battle San Juan Hill Rough Riders and Roosevelt Lead charge, nearly die but African American unit saves them

Santiago Bay U.S. fleet dismantles the Spanish Spain realizes they can’t fight a war without a Navy, asks for peace

Peace Controversy Paris – 12/10/98 Recognition of Cuban independence U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam U.S acquisition of the Philippines for $20 million

The Philippine Question To annex or not to annex? Anti-imperialists felt it would deprive Filipinos of “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” Imperialists win treaty vote 57-27

Twain: “The Person Sitting in Darkness is almost sure to say: ‘There is something curious about this – curious and unaccountable. There must be two Americas: one that sets the captive free, and one that takes a once-captive's new freedom away from him, and picks a quarrel with him with nothing to found it on; then kills him to get his land.’“ I bring you the stately matron named Christendom, returning bedraggled, besmirched and dishonoured from pirate-raids in Kiao-Chou, Manchuria, South Africa and the Philippines, with her soul full of meanness, her pocket full of boodle and her mouth full of pious hypocrisies. Give her the soap and a towel, but hide the looking-glass."

Emilio Aguinaldo and the Philippine-American War Emilio had fought with the U.S. Now fought for independence 3 years of fighting, U.S. prevails Death toll: U.S. Military: 3,216 Filipino soldiers and civilians: 200,000 – 600,000

Insular (Island) Cases Series of Supreme Court cases regarding rights of people in U.S. territories Ruling: Constitutional rights NOT guaranteed, Congress could decide

Cuba and the Platt Amendment U.S. troops had been in Cuba for 3 years Troop Removal conditional on Platt Amendment in Constitution Never sign a treaty that limited independence Never build up excessive public debt Permit the US to “protect” independence and keep law and order Allow US naval bases in Cuba including Guantanamo Bay