Figure 1. DNA damage following treatment of human islets with and without a combination of three cytokines (IL-1β, 50 U/ml + TNF-α, 1000 U/ml + IFN-γ,

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Figure 1. DNA damage following treatment of human islets with and without a combination of three cytokines (IL-1β, 50 U/ml + TNF-α, 1000 U/ml + IFN-γ, 1000 U/ml) for 3, 6, or 9 days. Results represent the overall comet length (intact head diameter and tail length) ± sem from five to six independent experiments (total of 1100 nucleoid analyzed). *, P < 0.001 when compared to respective controls; unpaired t test. Cytokines Induce Deoxyribonucleic Acid Strand Breaks and Apoptosis in Human Pancreatic Islet Cells* Endocrinology. 1997;138(6):2610-2614. doi:10.1210/endo.138.6.5204 Endocrinology | Copyright © 1997 by The Endocrine Society

Figure 3. Effects of cytokines (IL-1β, 50 U/ml + TNF-α, 1000 U/ml + IFN-γ, 1000 U/ml) on the human islet apoptosis and necrosis index, as detected by fluorescence microscopy, after 3, 6, or 9 days of exposure. Data represent means ± sem of five independent experiments. *P < 0.001 vs. control; paired t test. Cytokines Induce Deoxyribonucleic Acid Strand Breaks and Apoptosis in Human Pancreatic Islet Cells* Endocrinology. 1997;138(6):2610-2614. doi:10.1210/endo.138.6.5204 Endocrinology | Copyright © 1997 by The Endocrine Society

Figure 2. DNA damage following treatment of human islets with three cytokines (IL-1β, 50 U/ml + TNF-α, 1000 U/ml + IFN-γ, 1000 U/ml) and/or L-NA (5 mm) for 6 or 9 days. Results represent the overall comet length (intact head diameter and tail length) ± sem from three to four independent experiments (total of 1008 nucleoids analysed). *P < 0.01 when compared with the respective controls (Control or L-NA); ANOVA. Cytokines Induce Deoxyribonucleic Acid Strand Breaks and Apoptosis in Human Pancreatic Islet Cells* Endocrinology. 1997;138(6):2610-2614. doi:10.1210/endo.138.6.5204 Endocrinology | Copyright © 1997 by The Endocrine Society

Figure 4. Presence of living, necrotic and apoptotic cells following exposure of human islet to control condition (A) or cytokines (B) for 9 days. The figure is representative of five independent experiments; experimental conditions as in Fig. 3. The control preparation consists mainly of living cells, as indicated by the intact nuclei with blue fluorescence (A), whereas exposure to cytokines leads to a large percentage of apoptotic cells, as indicated by fragmented nuclei and yellow (late phase of apoptosis) fluorescence of the nuclear fragments. Cytokines Induce Deoxyribonucleic Acid Strand Breaks and Apoptosis in Human Pancreatic Islet Cells* Endocrinology. 1997;138(6):2610-2614. doi:10.1210/endo.138.6.5204 Endocrinology | Copyright © 1997 by The Endocrine Society