The Body’s Defense Against Disease Objective: Learn How the Immune System Works Key Words: Skin, Fluids, Inflammatory Response, Macrophages, Interferon, Pathogens The Body’s Defense Against Disease

First Line of Defense: Skin Objective: Learn How the Immune System Works Key Words: Skin, Fluids, Inflammatory Response, Macrophages, Interferon, Pathogens First Line of Defense: Skin Physical and chemical barriers Skin: characteristics of barrier Structure: dead layer, inhospitable to microorganisms Constant replacement: many adhering microorganisms removed pH = 5-6: too acidic for many microorganisms Other: tears, saliva, earwax, digestive acids, mucus, vomiting, urination, defecation, resident bacteria (normal flora)

First Line of Defense: Skin Objective: Learn How the Immune System Works Key Words: Skin, Fluids, Inflammatory Response, Macrophages, Interferon, Pathogens First Line of Defense: Skin The function of the first line of defense is to keep ___________ out of the body. Example of pathogens are________, __________, _______, ___________ . Your body’s most important nonspecific defense is the _______________. Pathogens can also enter you body through other body openings, including your mouth and nose. Your body has nonspecific defenses that protect these openings like ________________________________________________. pathogens bacteria viruses fungi protozoa skin Fluids: mucus, saliva, tears, acid in stomach

Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response Objective: Learn How the Immune System Works Key Words: Skin, Fluids, Inflammatory Response, Macrophages, Interferon, Pathogens Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response

Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response Objective: Learn How the Immune System Works Key Words: Skin, Fluids, Inflammatory Response, Macrophages, Interferon, Pathogens Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response http://uhaweb.hartford.edu/BUGL/immune.htm#phago White Blood Cells: Macrophages Interferons: interfere with virus spread Fever: increase host cell defenses and metabolic activity

Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response Objective: Learn How the Immune System Works Key Words: Skin, Fluids, Inflammatory Response, Macrophages, Interferon, Pathogens Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response Figure 9.7

Macrophage White Blood Cell Objective: Learn How the Immune System Works Key Words: Skin, Fluids, Inflammatory Response, Macrophages, Interferon, Pathogens Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response Macrophage attacking e-coli. Macrophage White Blood Cell

Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response Objective: Learn How the Immune System Works Key Words: Skin, Fluids, Inflammatory Response, Macrophages, Interferon, Pathogens Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response Bacteria chemicals expand faster fever Increase pain pathogens phagocytes slow down stop inflammatory response swollen white blood cells toxins __________ enter your body, they may multiply quickly, releasing _______ into your tissues. The ______________________ is activated. The immune system produces millions of __________________, which fight the infection. Blood vessels near the wound ______________, and _________________ move from the vessels to enter the infected tissues. Many of these white blood cells are ___________ which engulf and destroy__________. The infected tissue may become ___________ and ___________. The immune system also release chemicals that ________________ body temperature. It is called a ________. The increased body temperature is advantageous because an elevated temperature ________________ or ___________ the growth of such pathogens. The higher body temperature also ___________ the heart rate so that the ________________ get to the site of infection ____________. Physicians know that a ___________ and an increased number of ______________________ are two indications that the body is hard at work fighting infection. Pathogens toxins inflammatory response white blood cells expand white blood cells phagocytes bacteria swollen pain increase fever slow downs stops increases white blood cells faster fever white blood cells

Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response Objective: Learn How the Immune System Works Key Words: Skin, Fluids, Inflammatory Response, Macrophages, Interferon, Pathogens Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response viruses interferon slows down proteins When ________ enter the body, the body sometimes reacts in a different way. Something, virus infected cells produce a group of _________ that help other cells resist viral infection. Scientists named these proteins __________because they “interfere” with the growth of the virus. __________ inhibit the synthesis of viral proteins in infected cells and help block viral replication. This process ____________ the progress of infections and often gives the specific defenses of the immune system time to respond. viruses proteins interferon Interferon slows down