Battle of the Atlantic 1939-1945.

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Presentation transcript:

Battle of the Atlantic 1939-1945

Naval blockade of Britain: Germany targeted supply ships from North American to Britain

U-boat threats: longer range, crossed shipping lanes at night

U-boats – changed nature of sea war Initially immune to detection Forced Allies to get longer-range escorts

Convoy system

Technology – critical in defeating U-boats Needed longer-range Allied planes Sonar detection gear

Added pressure on shipping Arctic convoys sent aid to USSR Aid included food, uniforms, medical supplies, tanks, aircraft 3000 km trip through icy waters to Murmansk and Archangel

Numerous losses in Arctic Only 40 convoys Loss of 100 ships and 2800 crew

Importance of winning Battle of Atlantic Prolonged war creates need for EQUIPMENT & WAR MATERIAL Britain needed a) fuel b) food c) raw materials from North America Britain could only last TWO MONTHS if supplies were cut-off Before the war, British imports = 50 million tonnes During the war, British imports = 22 million tonnes

Allied shipping losses From u-boats, warships, mines, aircraft Global Forces, page 129

How the Allies won Increase of ocean escort range and increase in air patrols to cover the 15 day crossing Each escort consisted of one aircraft carrier, anti-submarine warfare devices

Of 1162 built, 1069 were sunk or surrendered (mostly in the Atlantic) German U-boat losses Of 1162 built, 1069 were sunk or surrendered (mostly in the Atlantic) German submarine command lost 28,000 of 40,000 submariners

Allied losses 2789 merchant vessels 36,000 merchant sailors 36,000 naval officers

Documentary (a US point of view) Battle of the Atlantic

Why this campaign was important