III Appendicular Skeleton (D-G)

The Appendicular Skeleton Upper and Lower Limbs (appendages) Pectoral girdle (arms) Pelvic girdle (legs)

D. Function of the Pelvic Girdle 1. Supports total weight of the upper body (rests on the pelvis) 2. Provides attachment for the lower limbs (legs) 3. Protects several organs Reproductive organs Urinary bladder Part of the large intestine

E. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle 1. Coxal bones (hip bones) - composed of three pair of fused bones ilium ischium pubis (pubic bone) 2. Sacrum 3. Coccyx (tailbone)

The Pelvis Figure 5.23a

The Pelvis: Right Coxal Bone Figure 5.23b

F. Gender Differences of the Pelvis 1. Female inlet is larger and more circular 2. Female pelvis is shallower and bones are lighter and thinner 3. Female ilia flare more laterally (wider pelvis) Figure 5.23c

F. Gender Differences of the Pelvis 4. Female sacrum is shorter and less curved 5. Female ischial spines are shorter and farther apart (outlet is larger) 6. Female pubic arch is more rounded because angle of pubic arch is greater Figure 5.23c

Bones of the Lower Limbs The thigh has one bone Femur – thigh bone Figure 5.24a–b

Bones of the Lower Limbs The leg has two bones Tibia Fibula Figure 5.24c

G. Lower Limb bones (legs) 1. Femur – thigh bone 2. Patella – knee cap 3. Tibia – shin bone 4. Fibula – lower lateral leg bone

Bones of the Lower Limbs The foot Tarsus – ankle Metatarsals – sole Phalanges – toes Figure 5.25

Arches of the Foot Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches Two longitudinal One transverse Figure 5.26

G. Lower Limb bones (legs) 5. Tarsals – ankle bones Calcaneous – heel bone Talus – supports weight 6. Metatarsals – foot bones 7. Phalanges – toes Distal, middle, proximal phalanx