Test on Genetics Tuesday (p. 5) Wednesday (p.1) Date: January 11th, 2017 Aim #40: How is protein shape determined? HW: Daily Review of class notes. Textbook worksheet due Friday Test on Genetics Tuesday (p. 5) Wednesday (p.1) Labs and test corrections due next Thursday Do Now: What are the two jobs of DNA? How is replication different from transcription? What are the steps of protein synthesis? Compare transcription and translation. How is DNA different from mRNA?

Aim #64: How is protein shape determined?

All are proteins with a specific shape that determines their function. 1) What do enzymes, antibodies, hormones, hemoglobin and membrane proteins have in common? All are proteins with a specific shape that determines their function. Enzymes Hormone Hemoglobin Antibodies

2) What determines a protein’s shape? A protein’s shape is determined by its sequence of amino acids.

What happens after translation of the genetic code? Proteins do not remain as single strands of amino acids, rather the amino acids chain gets folded into a specific shape. This shape is determined by the ORDER of the amino acids in the chain.

3) Protein Shape: The DNA base sequence (order) determines the sequence of amino acids. The sequence (order) of amino acids in a protein determine its shape. C. The shape of a protein determines its activity.

4) Transcription & Translation: The processes of transcription and translation, lead to the final shape of a protein. Therefore it is the genetic code: DNA base sequence that ultimately determine a protein’s sequence of amino acids. A – T U C – G G Tryptophan C – G G

5) Mutations Mutations (changes in the genetic code) that can lead to changes in the amino acid sequence and ultimately to the overall shape of the protein. Why?

6) What causes mutations errors in DNA replication? Chemicals UV Radiation X-Ray radiation

It changes the amino acids sequence which determines protein shape Mutated Proteins It changes the amino acids sequence which determines protein shape

7) How does a mutated protein affect a cell? The mutated protein may have a different shape and disrupt its normal activity.

8) Types of Mutation Substitution Deletion Insertion Inversion Original DNA Strand

9) Copy the Normal DNA Strand: DNA CCT CAA GAT GCG GGA GUU CUA CGC mRNA Amino Acid Sequence Gly – Val – Leu - Arg

10) Substitution Mutation Substitution – One nitrogenous base is substituted for another. DNA CCC CAA GAT GCG mRNA GGG GUU CUA CGC AA Gly – Val – Leu - Arg

11) Deletion Mutation Deletion – One nitrogenous base is deleted (removed). DNA CTC AAG ATG CG mRNA GAG UUC UAC GC AA Glu – Phe – Tyr

12) Insertion Mutations Insertion – Extra nitrogenous bases are added to the genetic code. DNA CCT CTA AGA TGC G mRNA GGA GAU UCU ACG C AA Gly - Asp – Ser - Thr

13) Inversion Mutation Inversion – The genetic code is inverted or reversed. DNA CCT CAA TAG GCG mRNA GGA GUU AUC CGC AA Gly – Val – Ile - Arg

Sickle Cell Anemia

14) Point and Frame Shift Mutations Point mutation A change in ONE nitrogenous base, the overall number of bases stays the same (Substitution or Inversion) Frame shift mutation A change in the number of overall nitrogenous bases in the genetic code (Addition or Deletion)

What type of mutation is it?

Ted Ed- What is DNA and how does it work? (~ 5 minutes) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwibgNGe4aY

Use the chart to complete your hand out