The Consolidation of Latin America

Haitian Revolution Haiti was a French sugar colony Slaves begin a revolution in 1791 under the leadership of Toussaint L’Overture. 1804: The Independent Republic of Haiti is established. Becomes symbol of Latin American independence

Mexico Priest Father Miguel de Hidalgo calls for help from mestizos and American Indians for independence. Won early victories, but lost support of creoles Captured and executed Later, in 1820, Creoles were able to move towards independence.

Mexico Augustin de Iturbide, a creole officer at the head of the army, was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico in 1821. Central America was attached to the Mexican empire, but it collapsed in 1824. Mexico becomes a republic, and central American states declare independence by 1838

South America Simon Bolivar emerges as a leader in Northern South America, 1817-1822 he won a series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, otherwise known as Gran Colombia Bolivar dies in 1830 as a symbol of independence and republican government.

Brazil Brazil was ruled from Portugal until 1820. Rio de Janeiro becomes a bustling city of European progress, especially with British commerce. Dom Joao was recalled in 1820, and he leaves his son Pedro in Brazil. Pedro declares Brazilian independence in 1822 and becomes Dom Pedro I, constitutional emperor of Brazil.

Political Fragmentation Mexico: short-lived monarchy, then republic by 1823, but unstable until 1860s Guatemala forms United Provinces of Central America, but collapses by 1839 Dominican Republic occupies Haiti, but gains independence in 1844 South America Gran Colombia Ecuador Colombia Panama Venezuela Collapses by 1830, the year of Bolivar’s death Rio de la Plata (Argentina)

Caudillos Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force, and who sometimes lead the national government itself Becomes the arbiter of power in local regional differences Lead the local military, which puts Spain on the defense Caudillos agree to create some form of republican government, but divisions therein are Centralists: Strong centralized national government Federalists: power to flow from regional governments

MEXICO Mexican republic was established in 1824 Federalist constitution that resembles the US, France General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna seizes power in 1835 Caudillo Autocratic

Mexico-Texas Texans sought more autonomy as federalists within the Mexican Nation. Santa Anna attempts to suppress the Texans Santa Anna is captured The US, under ideals of Manifest Destiny, votes to annex Texas in 1845.

Mexico-Texas War breaks out between Mexico and the US Mexico is forced to sign the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848 US acquires ½ of Mexico’s national territory. Mexican-American war leaves bitter legacy of distrust.

Mexico Santa Anna could not return to power after the Mexican-American defeat Liberals begin La Reforma in 1854 New constitution in 1857 Benito Juarez (el presidente) pushes liberal reforms Conservatives turn to Napoleon III in France for assistance Maximilian von Habsburg takes the throne of Mexico Works to keep La Reforma in place, but is disliked by Juarez and liberals. When French troops withdraw Max von Habsburg is captured and executed

Argentina Manuel de Rosas takes power by 1831 as a Federalist. Weak central government and local autonomy Benefits the Buenos Aires ranchers Despotic Driven from power in 1852

Argentina New constitution in 1853 incorporates Federalist ideals Centralists were appeased by guaranteeing national unity through the power of the presidency over provincial governors. 1862: Argentine Republic is declared 1862-1890: Able and intelligent Argentine Presidents 1868-1874: Domingo Sarmiento Supporter of US and Britain Reforms and stabilizes Argentina

Argentina: 1880:1920 Buenos Aires becomes the “Paris of South America” Liberalism began by Sarmiento continued Technological change and immigration fueled continued success. By 1914, about 1/3 of Argentina were immigrants