Prepare your scantron: Please take a moment to mute your cell phone! Use a pencil, not a pen! Fill in your name and fill the bubbles under your name. LAST NAME FIRST, First name second Put your 4-digit code instead of “IDENTIFICATION NUMBER”. --- (The last 4 digits of your OleMiss ID.) Question # 1: answer A Question # 2: answer B Question # 3: answer B Setup: Recall reading assignment Chapter 14, pp. 464 – 485 Pass/fail test Sept. 26, Tuesday 6:00-7:00 pm Please take a moment to mute your cell phone!

Review questions coming …

This question counts double! sec 10 9 11 13 14 8 12 6 2 1 3 4 15 5 7 16 26 17 27 28 30 29 24 25 23 19 18 20 21 22 Question 4 Where in the Sun is energy produced? A In the core (center) only. B Everywhere equally. C Everywhere except in the photosphere. D Only in a thin layer halfway down to the center. E Nowhere: no energy is produced in the Sun. It is slowly cooling off now and giving out its remaining heat. Next question coming …

This question counts double! sec 8 9 11 7 10 4 1 2 3 13 6 12 25 30 35 40 14 19 16 15 17 18 45 20 5 Question 5 Magnetic field lines … ? A are not present in the Sun. B never form loops. C cannot be crossed by moving plasma. D cause lightening in the Sun. E are the reason for the solar wind. Next question coming …

This question counts double! sec 10 9 11 13 14 8 12 6 2 1 3 4 15 5 7 16 26 17 27 28 30 29 24 25 23 19 18 20 21 22 Question 6 What are granules? A Small sunspots. B Areas where convection channels hit the photosphere. C Areas with especially strong magnetic field. D Gas erupting into space from the Sun. E Dark and bright spots seen in the telescope because Earth’s atmosphere distorts sunlight. Next question coming …

This question counts double! sec 10 9 11 13 14 8 12 6 2 1 3 4 15 5 7 16 26 25 27 28 30 29 17 24 19 18 23 20 22 21 Question 7 Limb darkening is proof the following: A The Sun is made of hydrogen. B The existence of the solar wind. C The Sun is made of gas. D The Sun’s rotation. E That the temperature of the solar photosphere does not increase with depth.

(# of spots) + 10 x (# of groups) The 11 year solar cycle

Solar maximum • Many large sunspots • Flares • Prominences • Eruptions  Weather affected strongly Solar maximum

Prominences Seen in H light (only) Gas follows Magnetic field lines

Solar flares Magnetic heating causes nuclear explosions Rare event: once in a month at solar maximum - flare lives for ten minutes Spits out a lot of gas - gas may leave the Sun Do not confuse flares with prominences: • flares are rare and may cause eruptions or prominences • prominences need not originate in flares

Eruptions and prominences Watch the Soho movie! Filament (a prominence seen in the face of the Sun) Prominence

Questions coming …

sec 10 9 11 12 15 14 13 8 7 1 2 3 5 4 6 16 26 17 27 28 30 29 24 25 23 19 18 20 21 22 Question 8 What is in the picture? A A sunspot. B A prominence. C A solar flare. Next question coming …

sec 8 9 10 12 11 7 6 1 2 3 4 13 30 35 40 45 14 25 16 15 18 17 19 20 5 Question 9 What is the “solar cycle”? A Every eleven years the Sun is more active and has a lot of sunspot, followed by years of relative quiet. B Once in year sunspots cause disruptions in the magnetic field of Earth. C Nuclear reactions heat up the Sun hotter than normal for a few months every year, and this causes summer. D Holes in the surface of the Sun where we see deep into the Sun. E The energy production in the Sun oscillates with a period of a few hundred years. Next question coming …

sec 10 9 11 12 15 14 13 8 7 1 2 3 5 4 6 16 26 17 27 28 30 29 24 25 23 19 18 20 21 22 Question 10 What is in the picture? A A sunspot. B A prominence. C A solar flare. Next question coming …

sec 10 9 11 13 14 8 12 7 2 1 3 4 6 5 15 17 26 25 27 28 30 29 16 24 19 18 23 20 22 21 Question 11 Look at the Sun through a telescope in regular light (no colored filter) at a random time. You have a good chance of seeing the following: A Sunspots, solar flares and prominences. B Sunspots, solar flares. C Sunspots. D Sunspots and prominences. E Solar flares and prominences.

What if an eruption hits Earth? Charged matter from the Sun is deflected by Earth’s magnetic field towards the Arctic and Antarctica

Aurora Borealis& Australis

Aurora Borealis& Australis (from space)

Aurora Borealis in Canada Green aurora

the color varies because the energy of the charged particles varies. Red aurora the color varies because the energy of the charged particles varies. Red aurora Watch Themis movie!

Questions coming …

sec 10 9 11 12 15 14 13 8 7 1 2 3 5 4 6 16 26 17 27 28 30 29 24 25 23 19 18 20 21 22 Question 12 What causes aurora? A Exhaust gases from spacecraft. B Charged particles, freed up when atomic bombs blow up. C Cosmic radiation from distant galaxies. D The Sun spits out charged particles and they hit Earth. E The asteroid belt shines in reflected sunlight. Next question coming …

sec 10 9 11 12 15 14 13 8 7 1 2 3 5 4 6 16 26 17 27 28 30 29 24 25 23 19 18 20 21 22 Question 13 What happens when a solar eruption hits Earth? A Hurricanes arise. B Lightening and thunder is caused. C Volcanoes erupt. D Shooting stars fall from the sky. E Aurora flares up. Next question coming …

sec 8 9 10 12 11 7 6 1 2 3 4 13 30 35 40 45 14 25 16 15 18 17 19 20 5 Question 14 Why is aurora very rare in Mississippi? A Because the temperature is warm all year. B Because aurora can be seen only in places with very dry climate. C Because Mississippi is closer to the Moon than the Arctic or Antarctica. D Because the magnetic field of Earth deflects charged particles. E Because the Earth spins faster near the equator.