The History of Computing Appendix A

Student Learning Outcomes Describe some of the early “manual automation” computing devices List the key people and their developments during the first generation of computing technologies Describe some of the advances that came with the second generation of computing technologies ©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

Student Learning Outcomes Define how the integrated circuit enabled both the third and fourth generations of computing technologies Offer some insight concerning what the fifth generation of computing technologies will hold Provide a brief historical perspective of the development of personal computers ©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies Introduction Various forms of automation devices have been around for thousands of years. Computers, as we know them, have only been around for about 50 years. The widespread use of personal technologies is still very much in its infancy. ©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies A.1 When It All Began Many early automation devices were really “manual” in that you had to move various parts to perform computations. These included: Abacus Slide rule Napier’s Bones ©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

When It All Began (cont’d) Later developments could perform calculations once you entered the appropriate information. Mechanical calculator Schickard’s Calculator DeColmar’s Arithmometer Charles Babbage’s Difference engine ©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies Charles Babbage Developed the Difference engine in 1822 Developed the Analytical engine in 1834 Analytical engine – considered the precursor to modern computer technologies ©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies Herman Hollerith Standardized the use of punch cards for the Census Bureau Invented the Hollerith Tabulating Machine to process information on punch cards His company became IBM in 1924 ©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

A.2 First-Generation Computing Started in the 1930s and 1940s Partly because of World War II Used the vacuum tube as the electronic basis for computers ©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

First-Generation Computing Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) first electronic computer to work in binary MARK I first electromechanical computer (1944) COLOSSUS device developed to decode messages of the ENIGMA ENIGMA encoded messages that Allied forces could not decrypt by hand ©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

First-Generation Computing ENIAC developed by a team of U.S. scientists in 1943 to compute missile trajectory tables UNIVAC first commercially available computer (1951) ©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

A.3 Second-Generation Computing Began in the late 1940s and lasted through the early 1960s Its electronic basis was the transistor Important developments High-level programming languages ASCII Compatible computers ©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

A.5 Fourth-Generation Computing Started in the mid 1970s and is where we are today Electronic basis is very-large-scale integration (VLSI), thousands of integrated circuits on a single chip With this, personal technologies became available (discussed later) ©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

A.6 Fifth-Generation Computing Where we are moving to? Marked by Artificial intelligence the science of making machines imitate human thinking and behavior Membrane-based technologies store and manipulate information in living tissue cells ©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

A.7 Personal Computer History Mark-8 – first “kit” personal computer you had to assemble (1974) MITS Altair – first commercially available computer kit (1975) Apple I – released in 1977; had 4Kb of RAM and cost $700 IBM PC 5150 – released in 1981; had 4.77 MHz processor; had no hard disk ©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

Personal Computer History You know the rest of the story Microsoft became a big player IBM lost to the clone market Dell can make and ship you a computer in three days Wireless and portable technologies are taking over ©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies