Group & Individual Differences (Simplified) Regional or Social Dialects GROUP Differences or INTER-Speaker differences Style INDIVIDUAL Differences or INTRA-Speaker differences 1/9

Social Distance Scale Intimate Distant High Low Solidarity Solidarity Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 9. 2/9

Social Status Scale Superior High Status Subordinate Low Status 3/9 Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 10. 3/9

Foreigner Talk 1 (a) High frequency vocabulary (b) Fewer contractions (c) Repetition of nouns in place of pronouns (d) Shorter sentences (e) Simpler syntax Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, pp. 242, 267-268; adapted. 4/9:5

Foreigner Talk 2 (f) Possibly fewer inflectional endings (g) Use of tag questions (easy to respond to) (h) Repetition (i) Increased volume (j) Slower Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, pp. 242, 267-268; adapted. 5/9:5

Speech Accommodation “When people talk to each other their speech often becomes more similar. In other words each person’s speech converges towards the speech of the person they are talking to. This process is called speech accommodation.” Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 245. 6/9

Areas of Speech Convergence 1. Speed of speech 2. Length of utterances 3. Frequency of pauses 4. Grammatical patterns 5. Verbal fillers or pragmatic particles 6. Intonation 7. Voice pitch 8. Pronunciation Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, pp. 245, 268. 7/9:8

Register “Styles are often analysed along a scale of formality, as in the examples from social dialect research discussed above. Registers, on the other hand, when they are distinguished from styles, tend to be associated with particular groups of people or sometimes specific situations of use. Journalese, baby-talk, legalese, the language of auctioneers, race-callers, and sports commentators, the language of airline pilots, criminals, financiers, politicians and disc jockeys, the language of the courtroom and the classroom, could all be considered examples of different registers. The term ‘registers’ here describes the language of groups of people with common interests or jobs, or the language used in situations associated with such groups.” Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 262 8/9

What should we call it?  Register  Specialized Terminology  Jargon 9/9